Twains Huck Finn Compared To The Movie :: essays research papers

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a classic novel about a young boy who struggles to save and free himself from captivity, responsibility, and social injustice. Along his river to freedom, he aids and befriends a runaway slave named Jim. The two travel down the Mississippi, hoping to reach Cairo successfully. However, along the way they run into many obstacles that interrupt their journey. By solving these difficult tasks, they learn life lessons important to survival. The reader will find Huck and Jim more knowledgeable at the conclusion of the novel, and notice their love for life and for each other.After reading the novel and watching the Disney film Huck Finn, one will find many dissimilarities. Many of the classic scenes have been switched around and combined in the 1993 version. There are a few scenes in particular that I will focus and comment on.The major difference between the movie and the book is an important character named Tom Sawyer, who is not present or mentioned in the film. It is evident from reading the story that Tom was a dominant influence on Huck, who obviously adores him. Tom can be seen as Huck's leader and role model. He has a good family life, but yet has the free will to run off and have fun. Tom is intelligent, creative, and imaginative, which is everything Huck wishes for himself. Because of Tom's absence in the movie, Huck has no one to idolize and therefore is more independent. Twain's major theme in the novel is the stupidity and faults of the society in which Huck lives. There is cruelty, greed, murder, trickery, hypocrisy, racism, and a general lack of morality. All of these human failings are seen through the characters and the adventures they experience. The scenes involving the King and Duke show examples of these traits. The two con-artists go through many towns playing the same tricks and scams on the gullible townspeople hoping to make money. They put on acts in the novel such as the "Nonesuch" that get them almost killed as they run out of each town. These scenes, which prove as examples of the foolish society are not in the film.The naivetà © of the Wilks sisters is disturbing to Huck who attempts to help them stop the frauds from stealing their inheritance. The movie is dissimilar to the book in that it concludes with Mary Jane and her two sisters as the heroes who save Jim from being hanged and Huck from dying of a gun wound.

Historical Background of the 1987 Constitution Essay

The history of the 1987 Constitution began on 11 April 1899, the date when the Treaty of Paris between the United and Spain of 10 December 1898 became effective upon the exchange of instruments of ratification of both countries. But the sources of the 1987 Constitution are (i) McKinley’s Instructions to the Second Philippine Commission; (ii) Spooner Amendment; (iii) Philippine Bill of 1902; (iv) Jones Law of 1916, otherwise known as the Philippine Autonomy Act; (v) 1935 Constitution; (vi) 1973 Constitution and (vi) Freedom Constitution of 1986 and its implementing orders. Treaty of Paris Under the Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States. Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the Philippine Islands, and with this, all laws of a political nature were automatically abrogated. The Treaty provided that the civil and political status of all inhabitants of the islands was to be determined by the US Congress. The Philippines in turn, was not given the status of an â€Å"incorporated territory† (as to make it a candidate for statehood) and so ex proprio vigore, the US Constitution did not apply to the Philippines unless the US Congress expressly enacted its provisions. McKinley’s Instructions President McKinley, legislating as Commander-in-Chief, issued on 7 April 1900 his â€Å"Letter of Instruction to the Second Philippine Commission † under Taft. It set up a â€Å"divided civil and military government† with the existing Military governor as the Executive, and a Philippine Commission, created on 1 September 1900, as the Legislative, both representing the US President as Commander-in-Chief. It also extended to the Philippines all the rights in the Bill of Rights of the US Federal Constitution, except the right to bear arms (because the country was in rebellion) and the right to a trial by jury (because the Americans distrusted the Filipinos capacity to be a just judge of his peers). The right to jury trial of an American charged with a crime in the Philippines was denied by the courts in US v Dorr, 2 Phil 332 (1903) by virtue of the Letter of Instruction. This was the first Organic Act (a law which establishes the structure and limitations of the government) of the Philippines. What it lacked, as a constitution, were the ratification by the people, and the right of amendment (which was reserved solely to the US President). The judiciary was subsequently established on 11 June 1901, with a Supreme Court, Courts of First Instance, and Justice of Peace Courts. Spooner Amendment On 4 July 1901, the Spooner Amendment, which was actually a rider to the â€Å"Army and Navy Appropriations Act,† changed the then â€Å"divided, military and civil government† into a fully civil government, under the US Congress. All acts of the Philippine Commission would now begin: â€Å"Be it enacted by the authority of the US government,† and no longer by authority of the US President. Philippine Bill of 1902 The US Congress now in control of the Philippines, ratified all the organic acts of the President, in order to prevent disruption of government, and on 1 July 1900, passed the Philippine Bill of 1902, which was to be organic act of the Philippines from 1902 to 1906. The organic act introduced significant provisions to constitutional history. The Philippine Commission was the upper house. It was under the Governor-General who retained all the executive power, including the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus upon recommendation of the Philippine Commission. It established an elective lower house called the Philippine Assembly, composed entirely of Filipinos. It called for the first election in the Philippines to fill up, the membership in the lower house, as soon as the Philippine insurrection stopped and there was a condition of general peace, except in the Moro and Non-Christian provinces. A census was taken and completed on 28 March 1903 and with a certification of peace and of Filipino acceptance of the US government made by the Philippine Commission on 29 March 1907, the election for the Philippine Assembly was conducted on 10 July 1907, with Osmena as speaker. The Bill also defined for the first time who the citizens of the Philippines were. They were all the inhabitants of the Philippine islands who were subjects of Spain as of 11 April 1899, who continued to reside therein, and all the children born subsequent thereto. This definition is still good law today. Jones Law On 29 August 1916, the US Congress passed the Jones Law, otherwise known as the Philippine Autonomy Act. It established a tripartite government with real separation of powers; this was the prototype of our present set-up. The executive power was in the hands of an American Governor-General, who was independent of the Legislature, and who was given the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and impose martial law without the recommendation of the Legislature. The Legislature was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives, all composed of Filipinos. The judiciary continued to be made up of the Supreme Court, the CFIs and Justice of Peace Courts. Under this set-up, while the Filipinos has all the legislative power, the Americans had all the executive power and thus, also the control of the government. Thus, in the Board of Control (National Coal Corporation) cases, the US Supreme Court ruled, despite the dissent of Holmes and Brandeis, that the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House could not vote the stocks of the NCC and elect its directors because this was a political function. Only the Governor-General could vote the government shares, said the court. The definition of who were citizens of the Philippines first enunciated in the Philippine Bill of 1902, was carried over by the Jones Law. Tydings-McDuffie Law Although this was not an organic act, it is important in the constitutional history of the Philippines because it was to be the enabling statute, providing the mechanism whereby the constitution of an independent Philippines could be adopted. The law, upon its acceptance by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines, provided for (i) the calling of a Constitutional Convention to draft a Constitution for the Philippines, (ii) the adoption of a Constitution that established a republican government, with a Bill of Rights, and a separation of church and state, (iii) the submission of the draft to the US President for certification that the Constitution was in conformity with the conditions set by the Tydings-McDuffie Law, and (iv) its ratification by the people in a plebiscite. Complete independence was to take place ten (10) years after its effectivity. 1935 Constitution Accordingly, on 30 July 1934, an election was held to choose the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. Claro M. Recto was elected President of the Convention. On 8 February 1935, the Concon approved the draft. On 23 March 1935, the draft was certified by the President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt as conforming to the Tydings-McDuffie Law. On 14 May 1935, it was ratified by the people in a plebiscite, with the provisions on the qualifications of the President, Vice-President and members of Congress taking effect upon ratification. In September 1935, the first election under the 1935 Constitution was conducted with Manuel Luis Quezon as President and Sergio Osmena as Vice- President. On 15 November 1935, upon the inauguration of the Commonwealth, the 1935 Constitution took effect. This Constitution was to serve as the charter of the Commonwealth, and upon withdrawal of US sovereignty, of the Republic. The Constitution provides for a tripartite government, with the executive lodged in the President who had a six-year term, the legislative in a unicameral National Assembly, and the judiciary in a Supreme Court, CFIs and Justice of Peace Courts as before. In 1940, it was amended to provide for (a) a bicameral Congress with a Senate and a House of Representatives; (b) a term of four years for the President, but with re-election and (c) the establishment of an independent constitutional body known as the Commission on Elections. War ensued, and the Philippines was so devastated that the declaration of its independence, due 15 November 1945 had to be postponed. At any rate, on 23 April 1946, the election of the first officials of the Philippine Republic was held, and on 4 July 1946, the Republic was inaugurated and the Philippines became â€Å"politically† independent of the US. Theoretically, to an extent that sovereignty is never granted to a people but is earned by them as they assert their political will, then it is a misnomer to say that 4 July 1946 was the day US granted independence to the Philippines. More appropriately, it was the day when the US withdrew its sovereignty over the Philippines, thus giving the Filipino people an occasion to assert their own independence. But not â€Å"economically†. On 30 April 1946, one week after the election, the US Congress passed the Bell Trade Act which would grant Philippine prime exports entry to the US free of customs duties from 1946 to 1954, and a gradual increase in duties from 1954 to 1974 (Laurel-Langley agreement), provided that the Philippines would grant US citizens and corporations the same privileges, and in addition, the right to explore natural resources of the Philippines in parity with the Filipinos, and to operate public utilities. This must be accepted by Congress, embodied in an Executive Agreement, and reflected as an amendment in the Constitution. The Senate approval of this bill gave rise to the case of Vera v Avelino, 77 Phil 192 (1946). The Senate then had 11 Nacionalistas and 13 Liberals. Three Nacionalista Senators-elect (Vera, Diokno and Romero), known to be against the Bell Trade Act, were prevented by the rest of the Senate, in what is known as â€Å"exclusion proceedings,† on grounds that their elections were marred with fraud. The political motivation was clear but the SC was conned into lifting the injunction it issued for the withholding of the suspension, because of the unfulfilled promise that the Senate would not carry out the suspension. With the balance of power offset, the Bell Trade Act was passed. Subsequently, the SC had to dismiss the petition on the ground that the principle of separation of powers, it could not order a co-equal branch to reinstate a member. The Senate authorized President Roxas to enter into an Executive Agreement, which he did on 3 July 1946, the eve of the declaration of Philippine Independence. Then came the amendment of the Constitution in order to include the Parity Rights Agreement, which gave rise to the case of Mabanag v Lopez Vito, 78 Phil 1 (1947). Under the Amendatory Provisions of the 1935 Constitution, Congress, acting as constituent body, needed 3/4 vote to propose an amendment to the Constitution. But with the three Senators still suspended, only the 21 remaining were used as the basis for computing the 3/4 requirement. When this was raised in court, it begged off from ruling on the ground that it was a political question. It also used the Enrolled Bill Theory. So with the amendment proposed, it was subsequently ratified on 5 March 1947. The third time the Constitution was amended (1940, 1947) was in 1967. A Resolution of both houses provided for (a) the amendment of the Constitution by a Convention, (b) the increase of seats in the House of Representatives to make the Concon sufficiently representative, and (c) allowing members of the House as delegates without forfeiting their seats. The first was approved, the second and third were rejected. This became the subject matter of Gonzales v COMELEC. Election of delegates to the Concon took place on 10 November 1970. Then the ConCon met on 1 June 1971. Before it finished its work, it came up with a resolution calling for an amendment to the 1935 Constitution reducing the voting age from 21 to 18, so that a wider base could vote in the ratification of the Constitution then being drafted. A plebiscite was set by the COMELEC for 8 November 1971 but this was enjoined by the SC in the case of Tolentino v COMELEC, the court ruling that a piece-meal amendment was not allowed by the 1935 Constitution since it provided that the amendments were to be ratified at â€Å"an election† which meant only one election. The Court upheld its jurisdiction over the ConCon by arguing that since the Concon derived its power from the Constitution, it was thus limited by the Constitution. But it was subsequently overtaken by Martial Law. On 30 November 1972, the Convention submitted its â€Å"draft† to the President, who called on a plebiscite to ratify the Constitution. This was questioned in the case of Planas v COMELEC, 49 SCRA 105 (1973) on the ground that there can be no freedom of expression under Martial Law. But the case was rendered moot and academic when the President cancelled the plebiscite and instead held a citizens’ assembly on 10 to 15 January, 1973. On 17 January 1973, the President came up with a proclamation that the Constitution had come to full force and effect after its overwhelming ratification by the people in a viva voce vote. 1973 Constitution The validity of the ratification process was questioned in the case of Javellana v Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30 (1973) but the failure of the SC to come up with the necessary votes to declare the act as unconstitutional forced it into the conclusion that â€Å"there are no further obstacles to considering the constitution in force and effect.† The 1973 Constitution was amended four times. The first, in 1976, gave the President, legislative powers even if the Interim Batasang Pambansa was already operating. The second, in 1980 was not significant. It merely raised the retirement of justices of the SC from 65 to 70 as to keep Fernando for five more years. The third, in 1980 changed the form of government from Parliamentary to Presidential. The fourth, in 1984, responded to the succession problem by providing for a Vice-President. The start of the end of the Marcos years, of course, could be treated as early as 21 August 1983. But its immediate precursor was the Snap Election which the President was forced to call and set on 7 February 1986 to respond to the clamor for popular mandate. The validity of the â€Å"Snap Election Law† called by the Batasang Pambansa was raised in the case of Philippine Bar Association v COMELEC, 140 SCRA 455 (1985). The issue was raised because of the conditional letter of resignation sent by Mr. Marcos to the Batasan, making his resignation effective only upon (i) the holding of a Presidential election, (ii) the proclamation of a winner, (iii) the assumption into office by the winning candidate. It was contended that a conditional resignation was not allowed under the 1973 Constitution, for it did not create a vacancy, and without a vacancy, there was no reason to call for an election. But the SC failed to issue a preliminary injunction to enjoin the COMELEC from preparing for the election, thus making â€Å"the initially legal question into a political one.† In the meantime, the political parties have started campaigning and the people were so involved in the election that to stop it on legal grounds would frustrate their very will. And so, failing to come up with the majority to hold the Snap Election Law unconstitutional, the SC could not issue the injunction prayed for. The election went ahead. The rest is history. The results of the election were proclaimed by the Batasan, naming Marcos and Tolentino as the winners. But the February 2 to 25, 1986, EDSA revolution took place. On 25 February, Marcos was proclaimed in Malacanang by Makasiar, while Aquino was proclaimed in Club Filipino by Teehankee. Later that evening, Marcos fled to Hawaii. A. The February 1986 Revolution and the Proclamation of Provisional Constitution. Freedom Constitution What was the basis of the Aquino government? Did it assume power pursuant to the 1973 Constitution, or was it a revolutionary government? Proclamation No. 1, 25 February 1986 (Provisional government).– But Proclamation No. 3 which announced the Provisional Constitution, seemed to suggest that it was a revolutionary government, since in one of its whereases it announced that the â€Å"new government was installed, through a direct exercise of the power of the Filipino people assisted by units of the New Armed Forces,† referring to the EDSA revolution. The better view is the latter view. The Aquino government was not an offshoot of the 1973 Constitution for under that Constitution, a procedure was given for the election of the President — proclamation by the Batasan — and the candidate Batasan proclaimed was Marcos. Lawyers League v Aquino (GR Nos. 73748, 73972 & 73990, May 22, 1986).– This view was affirmed in Lawyers League v Aquino where the legitimacy of the Aquino government is questioned on the ground that it was not established pursuant to the 1973 Constitution. The SC ruled that petitioners had no personality to sue and their petition states no cause of action. â€Å"For the legitimacy of the Aquino government is not a justiciable matter. It belongs to the realm of politics where only the people of the Philippines are the judge. And the people have made the judgment; they have accepted the government of President Aquino which is in effective control of the entire country so that it is not merely a de facto government but in fact and law a de jure government. Moreover, the community of nations has recognized the legitimacy of the present government. All the eleven members of this Court as reorganized, have sworn to uphold the fundamental law of the Republic under her government.† The Aquino government was a result of a â€Å"direct state action.† It was not as if a small group revolted and succeeded in wresting power in the end. Rather, the entire state revolted and overthrew the government, so that right from the beginning, the installation was already lawful and the government was at all times de jure. In this regard, it must be noted that there is no such thing as a constitutional right of revolution. A revolution, from the point of view of a State, is always lawful since a State can never go wrong; it can change its government in whatever way the sovereign sees fit. But this right of revolution, inherent in sovereignty, cannot be recognized in a Constitution, for this would be self-destructive. The nature of a Constitution is to set-up a government and provide for an orderly way to change this government. A revolution contradicts this nature. Proclamation No. 3, March 25, 1986 (Provisional Constitution).– At any rate, the Provisional Constitution or Freedom Constitution was adopted on 25 March 1986 through Proclamation No. 3. It abrogated the legislative provisions of the 1973 Constitution, modified the provisions regarding the executive department, and totally reorganized the government. (Its use of the 1973 Constitution, however, is not be to construed that it was a continuation thereof.) Then it provided for the calling of a Constitutional Commission, composed of 30 to 50 members appointed by the President within 60 days. (In our history, all major constitutions — Malolos, 1935, 1971 — were drafted by elected delegates.) The President appointed 48 Commissioners, who worked on the Constitution from 1 June to 15 October 1986. The draft was submitted to the people in a referendum on 2 February 1987. On 11 February 1987, the President, through Proclamation No. 58, announced its overwhelming ratification by the people and that, therefore, it had come into force and effect. In Re: Saturnino Bermudez (145 SCRA 160)(1960).– In the case of In Re: Saturnino Bermudez , the SC held, quoting the previous case of Lawyers League v Aquino, that: [T]he legitimacy of the Aquino government is not a justiciable matter. It belongs to the realm of politics where only the people of the Philippines are the judge. And the people have made the judgment; they have accepted the government of President Aquino which is in effective control of the entire country so that it is not merely a de facto government but in fact and law a de jure government. Moreover, the community of nations has recognized the legitimacy of the present government. All the eleven members of this Court as reorganized, have sworn to uphold the fundamental law of the Republic under her government.

The impact of the French Revolution on Ballet - 2183 Words

The impact of the French Revolution on Ballet The French Revolution was a bloody civil war that lasted from the years 1789-1799. [1] The revolution arose out of hard economic times that had befallen France. Widespread famine and hunger, due to a grain shortage, rampaged through sections of the country. The economic crisis led to an increase in taxes on the lower classes, known as the third estate, to upkeep the lavish lifestyle of the nobility. [1] All of these are the known factors that led to the rise of the French Revolution. The revolution emphasized the ideals of â€Å"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity† and was characterized by the strong will of the French people who stood up for what they believed in. It was also an extremely†¦show more content†¦[4] Costumes during the period immediately preceding the Revolution, commonly known as the Baroque period, were extremely showy. Dances were typically cold and extremely stylized, they did not seek to connect with the audience but rather to astound them with extreme wealth. Watching a ballet from the time period would more likely leave the audience in awe at the scenery and intricacies rather than feeling raw emotion from a moving storyline. Ballet’s that were shown in the theaters leading up to the fall of the Bastille were always subject to scrutiny and censorship. Each ballet or play that was shown on stage had to be consistent with the political and social views of the monarchy. Ballet was rooted in court life, and it was not as widely available to the common people. As such, it had to adapt in order to survive this particularly deadly and brutal period in time. The ballet’s that the court was accustomed to seeing were disconnected from the lower class, just like the actual courtiers themselves. Ballet is just one example of why exactly the French people rose up against their government. They spent massive amounts of money on an opulent lifestyle while the peasants could not even afford bread. However, just because the sty le of dance that was established was out of touch with the revolutionaries does not mean that dance did not thrive and adapt to the times. During the Revolution, ballet took on three distinct forms: ballet based inShow MoreRelatedDifference Between Ballet And Ballet1544 Words   |  7 Pagesof dance, styles including ballet or modern have changed in both technique and expression, and their popularity has constantly fluctuated. From the 16th century until present day, ballet specifically has fallen in and out of favor and gone through multiple periods of artistic scarcity to prosperity. One peak of its popularity was during the Romantic era when creativity and innovation were thriving among choreographers and dancers. 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Essay on Leaders And Organizational Culture - 995 Words

Leaders and Organizational Culture In today’s dynamic business environment leadership must understand the value and importance of their organizations’ culture. While it may never be formally defined, leadership must have a vision of their intended culture and a plan for creating and maintaining it. This vision will serve as the potter’s clay that determines everything from the dress code to the organizational structure. This paper examines two methods organizations can choose to create and maintain a healthy culture. One of the most powerful ways to create and maintain a healthy work environment is by cultivating the next generation of leaders to lead by the example he or she sets. Every generation of leaders is influential in molding†¦show more content†¦Countless times leaders operate on instinct that has grown from what they have seen in the past. What leaders see others do sets the stage for what they may do in the future. A leader of sound character will exhibit that character at all times.† (p. 7-13) The adage says â€Å"character is doing right when no one is looking.† That is the bottom line of leading by example, developing a character that will make the right decisions when no one is watching. This kind of integrity and character is indicative of most corporations’ culture. Corporate culture should also be reflected in the company vision, mission, and values statement (VMV). One way to change from a culture of individualism to that of enterprise first is to change the work environment. Balerdi (2007) says a corporate culture of conservatism and individualism results in a hierarchy that rewards status with space and walls. In a traditional office setting the grade level of the employee can be determined by the size and location of the office. For example, the lowest grade employee would occupy an interior office with no windows. 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However, research can enhance what organizational culture has been found to be the best culture in c reating successful companiesRead MoreCitigroup : A Leading Multinational Investment Banking And Financial Services Corporation1653 Words   |  7 PagesAdministration as the â€Å"Export Leader of the Year† in 2014 (Citigroup, 2015). As the newly appointed Service Manager for the CCB West Texas market, my responsibilities include managing three virtual teams of five client service representatives and meeting the stated goals for the department. How well these teams perform will be a direct reflection of how effectively my leadership skills will influence our organizational culture. Empowering Leadership and Organizational Culture The expectations for today’sRead MoreEssay Management vs. Leadership1138 Words   |  5 Pagesdictates employees. A leader is focused on organizing and inspiring people to be entrepreneurs. The role and responsibilities of both leaders and managers in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture has differences and similarities, both a leader and a manager have the same goal to have a healthy organization but the approaches are different. An example from sums up the differences between a leader and a manager: The leader is followed and the manager rules. A leader is someone who people

The Construction Of Roman Seagoing Warships - 1060 Words

Whether you are transporting people, laying siege to a countryside, or simply shipping goods down the coast, ships have always been the way to do it and the Romans have perfected this method. Romans might not have been the first to build ships but they were the ones who were able to master the art of naval warfare and shipping goods and people to and from Alexandria. To this day we still base many of our shipping systems off of them and their influence on modern day ship design is prevalent in documents that show the materials used for ships that we still use today. The technology and history of Roman ships and the practice of shipbuilding has evolved over the span of time. Many archaeologist do not have detailed information about the†¦show more content†¦Roman ships are rather simple in design. Many ships simply had a single main mast which carried a rectangular sail. However some ships also had small sails at the bow and stern. Roman ships were steered by large oars as opposed to rudders. Lighthouses were placed by Romans to aid shipping to avoid crashes into dangerous cliff sides and rocks.Romans built large merchant ships called cortia. These large ships could carry up to 1,000 tons of cargo easily.Majority of Roman merchant ships transported a wide range of commodities, including wine, garum, fruit, nuts, oil, and fish, in two-handled clay storage jars called amphoras. Shipwrights were called either a faber navalis or an architectus navalis. These shipwrights organized themselves into collegia, or guilds, and excavations. Ancient ships were made of wood and water-proofed using pitch and paint. Commanders began to favor smaller more maneuverable ships called liburna. Liburna played a huge role in helping Octavian defeat Marc Antony. Ships with multiple levels of rowers were manoeuvrable enough to attack enemy vessels by ramming into the sides of them. The trireme was a ship that literally translated into three banks of oars. The quinqueremes were the largest ships. They had three banks of rowers with two each for the upper two oars and one rower on the lower oar. There

Bioethical Issue for Natural Moral Law and Views- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBioethical Issue for Natural Moral Law and Views. Answer: The view of abortion is a widely discussed bio-ethical issue. This topic has multiple point of view under different models of Christian moral life (Stensvold 2015). The following essay will use two ethical view-points from deontological and teleological approach in order to examine the bioethical issue of abortion. The framework chosen for the two ethical approaches include natural moral law and utilitarianism and these two framework will try to find moral balance in respect of abortion and adherents faith in life. Natural Moral Law and Views on Abortion The natural moral law is linked to the deontological approach in Christianity as it gives an understanding regarding laws and obligations in Christianity which are not written but inherent by human nature (d'Entreves 2017). This implies that these laws are understood through the sense of reasoning and justice. Abortion is one biomedical issue which is opposed by many because of ethical and moral view points. The Natural Moral law view on abortion also differs based on threat to life perceptive. For instance, many Christian moral theologians support women going for abortion if avoiding abortion may threat the life of a mother. This Christian world view on abortion emerges from the general rule on self-defense which is universally accepted because on the principle of moral reasoning and justice (Sumner 2014). The natural law related to life principle mainly states all beings to remain in existence. From this perspective, this law favors self-preservation of each individual. The law as states St. Thomas Aquinas states that all humans must emphasizes on nurturing and making provisions for well-being in their offspring. Hence, this law of nature has inclination towards human emotions and inclination. Another Natural law is related to the law of respect for life, which takes offspring in a general way. From this perspective, it can be said that the two natural laws brings forward conflicting viewpoints on abortion. Hence, based on moral grounds of fetus, abortion has been opposed. However, in certain case, abortion has been accepted based on the moral ground for life principle and the needs to preserve humans. Therefore, it can be concluded that a Christian can find a moral balance in respect to their decision for abortion by stating about the risk to life of mother. Natural moral law is based on the principle of morality. Guided by human nature, a human can understand law and decision to conform with those laws. Natural law decides the morality of any action by the Doctrine of Double Effect. The Doctrine of Double Effect is based on four criteria. The ethics of any action is decided by analyzing whether the action is morally good or neutral, whether the bad effect is means for producing good effect, good effect is as important as the bad effect and the intention is to bring good effect (Habermas 2015). By the comparison of this perspective, the rationale for going against or for abortion is dependent on pro-life and pro-choice concept. The people who favor pro-life concept opposes abortion on the ground that mother does not have the right to take life of the fetus, whereas those favoring pro-choice concept accepts abortion on the ground that women have the right to choose what they want for the fetus. After analyzing the Christian people perspec tive on abortion, there are many protestant and Evangelica Christains who oppose abortion. There are also groups who support abortion (Ntontis and Hopkins 2018). Hence, although natural law does not support abortion, however Christians are balancing moral values and their faith based on the rational for harm to mother or the fetus. The discussion gave an insight into the Natural moral views on abortion and compared with Christian faith view on abortion. Although abortion is a sin from Christianity concept, however there are many sections, who are supporting abortion based on the moral judgment and the viewpoint of protecting mothers. Such moral rational based on right to life principle have now been accepted. Abortion is opposed professionally and religiously in many cultures, however the changing social norms and medical norms in society is making this practice more accessible and acceptable. The reflection from this issue is that such cases of abortion must be reviewed critically to determine the moral basis or intention of good in the action. This would curb any act of moral injustice while going for abortion. Utilitarianism and View on Abortion According to Jeremy Bentham, utilitarianism is about how man is to make his or her own choices in between two desirable objectives or two evils or in between two situations which both has one positive and negative aspect. While discussing abortion and the legal argument existing between pro-life and pro-choice, there are multiple dimensions and different conflicting moral reasons (Perry, Bratman and Fischer 2012). According to John Stewart Mill's view, utilitarianism support one of the six moral dimensions of abortion spectrum. The first point is extreme case for pro-life. This opines that abortion should never be acceptable under any kind of circumstances. This belief comes from the fact that each and every life is sacred and every individual has right to live. The second position states that abortion should be made legal only if the life of expecting mother is endangered. This comes under the section of life vs. life argument and deciding whose life more valuable, whether it is the mother or the foetus?. The third and the last argument for pro-life states that abortion can be considered to be legal in case of rape. This is because; the act of sex was not wanted therefore the child, which can be considered as an outcome of rape, can cite acceptable reasons for abortion (Perry, Bratman and Fischer 2012). There are also numerous positions on the pro-choice side. The first position coming on this side is, abortion is immoral but at times can be considered to be legal. The government should try not to interfere with the bodily integrity and wish of a woman. The next stance on this spectrum is, abortion is amoral which exists in between moral or immoral but in each way, government is not allowed to interfere. The last stance coming under the section of pro-choice is, abortion can be moral under few circumstances. All these positions on the pro-choice side are mainly based on bodily integrity and reasons behind taking such a determining step and how government must not interfere with it (Sumner 2014). According to John Stewart Mill, utilitarianism is the objective of moral truth and the institutions of a person towards that truth. There is a basic moral standard in everyone's life this moral standard works under the Greatest Happiness Principle. This theory states that greatest amount of pleasure or happiness is important for the greatest quality of life for significant number of people. This Greatest Happiness Principle is an aspect of Utilitarianism however, Utilitarianism is a sub-group of consequentialism. Consequentialism supports decisions that are morally relevant under the consequences of an action. This all ties up into achieving the greatest amount of pleasure along with negligible amount of pain while sustaining life (Perry, Bratman and Fischer 2012). According to Peter Singer, each person has individual preferences or desires and doing good is described as satisfaction. Doing a right action leads to this satisfaction. According to him, Practical Ethics of abortion is morally permissible in any situation as per his opinion; no foetus is a person and such that no foetus has same to life as a person. A termination in this case is acceptable because existence of foetus is of no significant intrinsic value and woman serious interests will normally override the rudimentary interests of the foetus. This again goes with the teachings of Catholic Church which states that it is the right and responsibility of each Catholic to follow their own conscience on moral matters even if it conflicts with the teachings of Church (Stensvold 2015). This view of utilitarianism can cast immense impact on the manner in which people think about their life and their priorities. I think this view of utilitarianism approach on abortion is immoral but is legal. This is because; this view explains how government should not interfere on bodily integrity of a woman. It is choice of the woman about what she wants in her life and what she want to do about her body. References d'Entreves, A.P., 2017. Natural law: an introduction to legal philosophy. Routledge. Habermas, J., 2015. Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. John Wiley Sons. Ntontis, E. and Hopkins, N., 2018. Framing a social problem': Emotion in anti?abortion activists' depiction of the abortion debate. British Journal of Social Psychology. Perry, J., Bratman, M. and Fischer, J.M., 2012. Introduction to philosophy: Classical and contemporary readings. Stensvold, A., 2015.A history of pregnancy in Christianity: from original sin to contemporary abortion debates. Routledge. Sumner, L.W., 2014. Abortion and moral theory. Princeton University Press. Sumner, L.W., 2014.Abortion and moral theory. Princeton University Press.

New Business Issues

Identifying the Purpose and Unique Features Distinguishing a Product Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on New Business Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More United Foods Company is located in Dubai and specializes in producing vegetable oil, butter, and margarine (United Foods Company (psc) n.p.). Its main concepts consist in producing healthy products for a healthy life. However, due to the fast-growing vigorous competition that has recently exploded between other food production industries, our company has decided to introduce a new product conception. In particular, we intend to launch oil brand extension and work out four new kinds of vegetable oils – corn oil with rosemary, vegetable oil with garlic and spices, vegetable oil based on natural herbs, and aromatized oil for salads. Each type of oil is destined for cooking a particular dish; all ingredients involved in the products consist of natural c omponents. In this regard, our main concept and purpose still remains and, therefore, customers will receive a healthy and natural product but now they will have a wider choice. Moreover, they can identify their tastes and make their dishes unique, original and healthy. In addition, the product also meets the eternal purpose of the market – high quality and variety of choices. Defining the Development Stages of the Product At the current moment, the product development remains at the stage of package designing and philosophical conception improvement. In particular, we are working on the ecological concept of â€Å"natural and pure packaging† for our healthy products. Therefore, the course is taken on the environmental marketing and all ecological concerns that influence the product concept development (Van der Ryn and Cowan 26). So, our packages will be recyclable and reusable, which will provide environmental benefits including the utilization of virgin materials and decreased waste contamination. In such a way, we can consistently expand the product and brand conception. The next stage will include the development of four original recipes, quality control, inspection, testing, and launching. The former stage will take about 2 weeks approximately for inventing four products. The rest will depend on the success of the presented recipes. We plan to launch the product within 2 months. Limitations of Oil Production and Brand Expansion It is obvious that food products have limited shelf life, specifically those who can be affected by the presence of oxygen. In particular, vegetable oils can be subjected to the influence of oxidative rancidity development (Man and Jones 216). However, due to the fact that our oil production is complicated with the presence of herbs, garlic, and natural aromatized substances, the shelf life will be even more limited.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, the product has a relatively long shelf life as compared with diary, bakery, and medicine products. In addition, the production of vegetable oil and the introduction of brand expansion do not have legal restrictions because the ingredients are legally acceptable. Proprietary Rights Before transferring to direct production of vegetable oil of four kinds, our company should be sure that all ingredients, namely sunflowers, garlic, and herbs have been cultivated with acceptable limit of pesticides utilization. In this regard, we consider it necessary to conclude an agreement with the product and pesticide produces that will insure that the final product corresponds to high quality standards. Additionally, to secure the quality and safety of the food product under consideration, it is necessary to receive approval of the food safety laws and regulations established by the latest Dubai International Food Safety Conference. Due to the fact that our company is going to expand the brand, it is paramount to conclude franchise agreement with leading European countries such as Germany, Denmark, and neighboring countries where the production of oil is limited. In order to conclude the franchising agreement, it is necessary to consider such issues as franchisor’s obligations and training, location, terms, investments, patent, trademark, and signage usage, advertising and any types of royalties. Our attention is more focused on our partners in Egypt and we are planning to discuss various legal issues. We are going to set a 15% royalty of total sales, in case they launch an effective advertising campaign. Alternatively, the royalty will be about 10 %. Governmental Approvals Aside from legal regulations and food safety certificates, the launch of the new production concept should be supported by governmental agencies regulating commercial and manufacturing issues. Hence, it is necessary to obtain an approval fro m the Chamber of Commerce located in Dubai that is responsible to controlling various production activities. This is especially important for United Foods Company because the Chamber member is an obligatory condition to exercise any industrial, commercial, and professional activities in the United Arabic Emirates.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on New Business Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The approval of Planning Department is also essential for more effective introduction of new brand development of UAE market. This will greatly foster the product penetration to the country market and its active distribution among the retailers because this agency directly influence the local economical and commercial operations in the city. More importantly, the consent of the Department of Health and Minister of Labor will assist in sustaining the company’s respectable image and developing a competitive a dvantage on the market. Product Liability: Insurance Requirements Each product and conception should conform to the general standards of insurance requirements. As our product concepts involves the development of new recipes and natural packaging, it is necessary to provide insurance from manufacturing and design defects and marketing failures. Due to the fact that UAE do not have specific product liability regulations, our company adheres to the international standards and classifications. The country has also introduced a law controlling and preventing deceptive practices in business and commercial transactions providing specific liabilities on producers, suppliers and distributors. Such regulations also present explicit information on the country, trademarks, substances, and trademarks in order to pose a rigid liability on distributors and suppliers to secure our personnel. Our company finds it necessary to adhere to the provisions about liabilities and warranties as established by UEA Commercial Agency (Kurer 561). Introducing their laws will also contribute to the security of our customer and this can also promote the company’s respectability. Moreover, it can also attract other consumers who will be persuaded in the quality and insurance of our product. Examples of Elated Services and Spin-offs That Could Meet the Constantly Growing Marketing Needs in This Industry or Others Certainly, any new product and marketing concepts will not stay long on the market until it successfully meets the customer’s needs. In this regard, it is necessary to keep track of the latest tendencies and trend development at the international market. Due to the fact that we live in the age of globalization and integrations, it is necessary to face those peculiarities to sustain a competitive advantage.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the fact that our concepts is closely connected with the ecological and environmental problems, we believe that our vegetable oil products will be in high demand in we do not cease introducing different logos and messages aimed at improving the current ecological situation. In addition, as we intend to franchise our product in other countries, we are planning to work out powerful strategies for adjusting successfully to cultural diversity issues. What is more important is that our company wants to develop a design for our product that will conform to the international standards. It should also be stressed that the production process, maintenance and other concerns will also be taken into the deepest consideration. Aside from the product design, it is also imperative to consider the innovative teaching in installing modern equipment into the assembly line of vegetable oil. In particular, we plan to introduce new technological device for filtering and purifying oil. Owing to th e fact that our main purpose is to preserve the original flavor of the sunflower oil and to purify it in a proper way, we will use specialized equipment that differs from that destined for purifying olive oil. Production: Internal and External In general the product process will include supply chain of ingredients (sunflower seeds, garlic, rosemary and herbs). At this stage it is necessary to take into consideration the freight expenditures, transportation, testing and insurance. Then, the next stage will be oil extraction and purifying. Other ingredients will be thermally processed. Garlic oil will also be extracted to add to the vegetable oil. Finally, once all products are ready, they are packed and delivered to the retails. List of Expenditure Required for the Production Process (in Dirham): Ingredients: Sunflower – DH 100  000 Garlic – DH 50  000 Herbs – DH 20 000 Packaging – DH 50  000 Brand development – 150 000 Freight – DH 2 0 000 Insurance – DH 100 000 Labor – DH 200 000 Repair, Maintenance, and Rework – DH 10  000 All calculations are approximate but they are made in accordance with the inflations rates and international currency exchange rates. Works Cited Kurer, Martin. Warranties and disclaimers: limitation of liability in consumer-related transactions. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2002. Man, C. M. D., and Jones, Adrian. Shelf-Life evaluation of foods. US: Springer, 2000. Rees, Naomi and Watson, David. International Standard for Food Safety. US: Spinger, 2000. United Foods Company (psc). Mission Statement. Web. Van der Ryn, Sim and Cowan, Stuart. Ecological Design. US: Island Press, 2007. This assessment on New Business Issues was written and submitted by user Ashley C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.