Essay on Leaders And Organizational Culture - 995 Words

Leaders and Organizational Culture In today’s dynamic business environment leadership must understand the value and importance of their organizations’ culture. While it may never be formally defined, leadership must have a vision of their intended culture and a plan for creating and maintaining it. This vision will serve as the potter’s clay that determines everything from the dress code to the organizational structure. This paper examines two methods organizations can choose to create and maintain a healthy culture. One of the most powerful ways to create and maintain a healthy work environment is by cultivating the next generation of leaders to lead by the example he or she sets. Every generation of leaders is influential in molding†¦show more content†¦Countless times leaders operate on instinct that has grown from what they have seen in the past. What leaders see others do sets the stage for what they may do in the future. A leader of sound character will exhibit that character at all times.† (p. 7-13) The adage says â€Å"character is doing right when no one is looking.† That is the bottom line of leading by example, developing a character that will make the right decisions when no one is watching. This kind of integrity and character is indicative of most corporations’ culture. Corporate culture should also be reflected in the company vision, mission, and values statement (VMV). One way to change from a culture of individualism to that of enterprise first is to change the work environment. Balerdi (2007) says a corporate culture of conservatism and individualism results in a hierarchy that rewards status with space and walls. In a traditional office setting the grade level of the employee can be determined by the size and location of the office. For example, the lowest grade employee would occupy an interior office with no windows. The next grade higher would occupy an office against the outside wall with one window, the next grade two windows until the highest grade level would receive the corner office with two walls of windows. As the window count increases so does the floor space, size of the furniture,Show MoreRelatedLeaders and Organizational Culture1191 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: Leaders and Organizational Culture. †¢ †¢ †¢ ..; †¢ . Leaders and Organizational Culture Prepared for There are many definitions of organizational culture. The most basic definition is an organization’s shared values, attitudes, beliefs, and assumptions on how members of the organization should behave which gives meaning to how the organization functions. Organizational culture should enhance performance, internal integration, and bring all staff of all levels togetherRead MoreLeadership and Organizational Culture Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesLEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE In this paper I will discuss the effects and responsibilities leaders have on an organizational culture. I believe leaders have an enormous effect on the well-being of an organizational culture. Leaders must take an active role within their organizations culture. Whether positive or negative, in an organization, things tend to follow suit down hill. A leader has the power and influence to maintain, create, or repair an organizational culture. However, thisRead MoreThe Importance Of Culture And Organizational Culture1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe importance of culture in the organization The organization culture as a leadership concept has been identified as one of the many components that leaders can use to grow a dynamic organization. Leadership in organizations starts the culture formation process by imposing their assumptions and expectations on their followers. Once culture is established and accepted, they become a strong leadership tool to communicate the leader s beliefs and values to organizational members, and especially newRead MoreLeadership Theory And Organizational Culture1361 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics of the leader and have shifted to focus on the leader’s behavior, skills and style. Emerging leadership theories continued to shift focus to team leadership and subordinate motivation. Organizational culture is exists in all organizations and influences the work environment. Researchers have studied leadership and organizational culture individually; however there have been less focus on gaining an understanding of the relationship lea dership and organizational culture. In this paper,Read MoreEmployee Organizational Culture Essay667 Words   |  3 Pagescreate what is known as organizational culture. A strong culture constructs a unified employee atmosphere, whereas a weak culture lacks a shared sense of distinction between employees. An employee’s heritage or individual culture, although different than, affects the overall organizational culture of companies. Like society, sub-cultures exist within organizations. Formed by departmental function, geographical location, and/or the personalities of employees, sub-cultures include employees who continueRead MoreOrganizational Diversity And Cultural Diversity1582 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are different levels of organizational workforce satisfaction. Even though women have a much greater likelihood of leaving their position, current organization, the organizational cultural differences build high turnover rates. The cultural obstacles preventing occupational development and growth are th e prime accounts used when women of all ages are dissatisfied and leaving a position (Cox Blake, 1991). Additionally, when organizations do not change the culture successfully, the competitiveRead MoreConcept Of Culture And Organizational Analysis1269 Words   |  6 Pages3.0 LITRATURE REVIEW 3.1 Concept of culture and organizational analysis: The concept of culture has been linked increasingly with the study of organisation (Graves and Rouse, 1990). Nevertheless, Organisational culture is a set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities, which represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it (Deshpande and Webster, 1989; Ravasi and Schultz, 2006; Xiaoming andRead MoreOrganizational Analysis : Organizational Structure1521 Words   |  7 Pagesthe week titled â€Å"Experiments in Organizational Structure† I noticed two themes, self-managed teams and organizational culture. There was a clear divide of organizational culture between the companies such as Moosewood Collective and Zappos versus Amazon and Enron. The readings for the week were well-rounded and demonstrated that each culture had positive and negatives. However, research can enhance what organizational culture has been found to be the best culture in c reating successful companiesRead MoreCitigroup : A Leading Multinational Investment Banking And Financial Services Corporation1653 Words   |  7 PagesAdministration as the â€Å"Export Leader of the Year† in 2014 (Citigroup, 2015). As the newly appointed Service Manager for the CCB West Texas market, my responsibilities include managing three virtual teams of five client service representatives and meeting the stated goals for the department. How well these teams perform will be a direct reflection of how effectively my leadership skills will influence our organizational culture. Empowering Leadership and Organizational Culture The expectations for today’sRead MoreEssay Management vs. Leadership1138 Words   |  5 Pagesdictates employees. A leader is focused on organizing and inspiring people to be entrepreneurs. The role and responsibilities of both leaders and managers in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture has differences and similarities, both a leader and a manager have the same goal to have a healthy organization but the approaches are different. An example from sums up the differences between a leader and a manager: The leader is followed and the manager rules. A leader is someone who people

The Construction Of Roman Seagoing Warships - 1060 Words

Whether you are transporting people, laying siege to a countryside, or simply shipping goods down the coast, ships have always been the way to do it and the Romans have perfected this method. Romans might not have been the first to build ships but they were the ones who were able to master the art of naval warfare and shipping goods and people to and from Alexandria. To this day we still base many of our shipping systems off of them and their influence on modern day ship design is prevalent in documents that show the materials used for ships that we still use today. The technology and history of Roman ships and the practice of shipbuilding has evolved over the span of time. Many archaeologist do not have detailed information about the†¦show more content†¦Roman ships are rather simple in design. Many ships simply had a single main mast which carried a rectangular sail. However some ships also had small sails at the bow and stern. Roman ships were steered by large oars as opposed to rudders. Lighthouses were placed by Romans to aid shipping to avoid crashes into dangerous cliff sides and rocks.Romans built large merchant ships called cortia. These large ships could carry up to 1,000 tons of cargo easily.Majority of Roman merchant ships transported a wide range of commodities, including wine, garum, fruit, nuts, oil, and fish, in two-handled clay storage jars called amphoras. Shipwrights were called either a faber navalis or an architectus navalis. These shipwrights organized themselves into collegia, or guilds, and excavations. Ancient ships were made of wood and water-proofed using pitch and paint. Commanders began to favor smaller more maneuverable ships called liburna. Liburna played a huge role in helping Octavian defeat Marc Antony. Ships with multiple levels of rowers were manoeuvrable enough to attack enemy vessels by ramming into the sides of them. The trireme was a ship that literally translated into three banks of oars. The quinqueremes were the largest ships. They had three banks of rowers with two each for the upper two oars and one rower on the lower oar. There

Bioethical Issue for Natural Moral Law and Views- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBioethical Issue for Natural Moral Law and Views. Answer: The view of abortion is a widely discussed bio-ethical issue. This topic has multiple point of view under different models of Christian moral life (Stensvold 2015). The following essay will use two ethical view-points from deontological and teleological approach in order to examine the bioethical issue of abortion. The framework chosen for the two ethical approaches include natural moral law and utilitarianism and these two framework will try to find moral balance in respect of abortion and adherents faith in life. Natural Moral Law and Views on Abortion The natural moral law is linked to the deontological approach in Christianity as it gives an understanding regarding laws and obligations in Christianity which are not written but inherent by human nature (d'Entreves 2017). This implies that these laws are understood through the sense of reasoning and justice. Abortion is one biomedical issue which is opposed by many because of ethical and moral view points. The Natural Moral law view on abortion also differs based on threat to life perceptive. For instance, many Christian moral theologians support women going for abortion if avoiding abortion may threat the life of a mother. This Christian world view on abortion emerges from the general rule on self-defense which is universally accepted because on the principle of moral reasoning and justice (Sumner 2014). The natural law related to life principle mainly states all beings to remain in existence. From this perspective, this law favors self-preservation of each individual. The law as states St. Thomas Aquinas states that all humans must emphasizes on nurturing and making provisions for well-being in their offspring. Hence, this law of nature has inclination towards human emotions and inclination. Another Natural law is related to the law of respect for life, which takes offspring in a general way. From this perspective, it can be said that the two natural laws brings forward conflicting viewpoints on abortion. Hence, based on moral grounds of fetus, abortion has been opposed. However, in certain case, abortion has been accepted based on the moral ground for life principle and the needs to preserve humans. Therefore, it can be concluded that a Christian can find a moral balance in respect to their decision for abortion by stating about the risk to life of mother. Natural moral law is based on the principle of morality. Guided by human nature, a human can understand law and decision to conform with those laws. Natural law decides the morality of any action by the Doctrine of Double Effect. The Doctrine of Double Effect is based on four criteria. The ethics of any action is decided by analyzing whether the action is morally good or neutral, whether the bad effect is means for producing good effect, good effect is as important as the bad effect and the intention is to bring good effect (Habermas 2015). By the comparison of this perspective, the rationale for going against or for abortion is dependent on pro-life and pro-choice concept. The people who favor pro-life concept opposes abortion on the ground that mother does not have the right to take life of the fetus, whereas those favoring pro-choice concept accepts abortion on the ground that women have the right to choose what they want for the fetus. After analyzing the Christian people perspec tive on abortion, there are many protestant and Evangelica Christains who oppose abortion. There are also groups who support abortion (Ntontis and Hopkins 2018). Hence, although natural law does not support abortion, however Christians are balancing moral values and their faith based on the rational for harm to mother or the fetus. The discussion gave an insight into the Natural moral views on abortion and compared with Christian faith view on abortion. Although abortion is a sin from Christianity concept, however there are many sections, who are supporting abortion based on the moral judgment and the viewpoint of protecting mothers. Such moral rational based on right to life principle have now been accepted. Abortion is opposed professionally and religiously in many cultures, however the changing social norms and medical norms in society is making this practice more accessible and acceptable. The reflection from this issue is that such cases of abortion must be reviewed critically to determine the moral basis or intention of good in the action. This would curb any act of moral injustice while going for abortion. Utilitarianism and View on Abortion According to Jeremy Bentham, utilitarianism is about how man is to make his or her own choices in between two desirable objectives or two evils or in between two situations which both has one positive and negative aspect. While discussing abortion and the legal argument existing between pro-life and pro-choice, there are multiple dimensions and different conflicting moral reasons (Perry, Bratman and Fischer 2012). According to John Stewart Mill's view, utilitarianism support one of the six moral dimensions of abortion spectrum. The first point is extreme case for pro-life. This opines that abortion should never be acceptable under any kind of circumstances. This belief comes from the fact that each and every life is sacred and every individual has right to live. The second position states that abortion should be made legal only if the life of expecting mother is endangered. This comes under the section of life vs. life argument and deciding whose life more valuable, whether it is the mother or the foetus?. The third and the last argument for pro-life states that abortion can be considered to be legal in case of rape. This is because; the act of sex was not wanted therefore the child, which can be considered as an outcome of rape, can cite acceptable reasons for abortion (Perry, Bratman and Fischer 2012). There are also numerous positions on the pro-choice side. The first position coming on this side is, abortion is immoral but at times can be considered to be legal. The government should try not to interfere with the bodily integrity and wish of a woman. The next stance on this spectrum is, abortion is amoral which exists in between moral or immoral but in each way, government is not allowed to interfere. The last stance coming under the section of pro-choice is, abortion can be moral under few circumstances. All these positions on the pro-choice side are mainly based on bodily integrity and reasons behind taking such a determining step and how government must not interfere with it (Sumner 2014). According to John Stewart Mill, utilitarianism is the objective of moral truth and the institutions of a person towards that truth. There is a basic moral standard in everyone's life this moral standard works under the Greatest Happiness Principle. This theory states that greatest amount of pleasure or happiness is important for the greatest quality of life for significant number of people. This Greatest Happiness Principle is an aspect of Utilitarianism however, Utilitarianism is a sub-group of consequentialism. Consequentialism supports decisions that are morally relevant under the consequences of an action. This all ties up into achieving the greatest amount of pleasure along with negligible amount of pain while sustaining life (Perry, Bratman and Fischer 2012). According to Peter Singer, each person has individual preferences or desires and doing good is described as satisfaction. Doing a right action leads to this satisfaction. According to him, Practical Ethics of abortion is morally permissible in any situation as per his opinion; no foetus is a person and such that no foetus has same to life as a person. A termination in this case is acceptable because existence of foetus is of no significant intrinsic value and woman serious interests will normally override the rudimentary interests of the foetus. This again goes with the teachings of Catholic Church which states that it is the right and responsibility of each Catholic to follow their own conscience on moral matters even if it conflicts with the teachings of Church (Stensvold 2015). This view of utilitarianism can cast immense impact on the manner in which people think about their life and their priorities. I think this view of utilitarianism approach on abortion is immoral but is legal. This is because; this view explains how government should not interfere on bodily integrity of a woman. It is choice of the woman about what she wants in her life and what she want to do about her body. References d'Entreves, A.P., 2017. Natural law: an introduction to legal philosophy. Routledge. Habermas, J., 2015. Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. John Wiley Sons. Ntontis, E. and Hopkins, N., 2018. Framing a social problem': Emotion in anti?abortion activists' depiction of the abortion debate. British Journal of Social Psychology. Perry, J., Bratman, M. and Fischer, J.M., 2012. Introduction to philosophy: Classical and contemporary readings. Stensvold, A., 2015.A history of pregnancy in Christianity: from original sin to contemporary abortion debates. Routledge. Sumner, L.W., 2014. Abortion and moral theory. Princeton University Press. Sumner, L.W., 2014.Abortion and moral theory. Princeton University Press.

New Business Issues

Identifying the Purpose and Unique Features Distinguishing a Product Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on New Business Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More United Foods Company is located in Dubai and specializes in producing vegetable oil, butter, and margarine (United Foods Company (psc) n.p.). Its main concepts consist in producing healthy products for a healthy life. However, due to the fast-growing vigorous competition that has recently exploded between other food production industries, our company has decided to introduce a new product conception. In particular, we intend to launch oil brand extension and work out four new kinds of vegetable oils – corn oil with rosemary, vegetable oil with garlic and spices, vegetable oil based on natural herbs, and aromatized oil for salads. Each type of oil is destined for cooking a particular dish; all ingredients involved in the products consist of natural c omponents. In this regard, our main concept and purpose still remains and, therefore, customers will receive a healthy and natural product but now they will have a wider choice. Moreover, they can identify their tastes and make their dishes unique, original and healthy. In addition, the product also meets the eternal purpose of the market – high quality and variety of choices. Defining the Development Stages of the Product At the current moment, the product development remains at the stage of package designing and philosophical conception improvement. In particular, we are working on the ecological concept of â€Å"natural and pure packaging† for our healthy products. Therefore, the course is taken on the environmental marketing and all ecological concerns that influence the product concept development (Van der Ryn and Cowan 26). So, our packages will be recyclable and reusable, which will provide environmental benefits including the utilization of virgin materials and decreased waste contamination. In such a way, we can consistently expand the product and brand conception. The next stage will include the development of four original recipes, quality control, inspection, testing, and launching. The former stage will take about 2 weeks approximately for inventing four products. The rest will depend on the success of the presented recipes. We plan to launch the product within 2 months. Limitations of Oil Production and Brand Expansion It is obvious that food products have limited shelf life, specifically those who can be affected by the presence of oxygen. In particular, vegetable oils can be subjected to the influence of oxidative rancidity development (Man and Jones 216). However, due to the fact that our oil production is complicated with the presence of herbs, garlic, and natural aromatized substances, the shelf life will be even more limited.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, the product has a relatively long shelf life as compared with diary, bakery, and medicine products. In addition, the production of vegetable oil and the introduction of brand expansion do not have legal restrictions because the ingredients are legally acceptable. Proprietary Rights Before transferring to direct production of vegetable oil of four kinds, our company should be sure that all ingredients, namely sunflowers, garlic, and herbs have been cultivated with acceptable limit of pesticides utilization. In this regard, we consider it necessary to conclude an agreement with the product and pesticide produces that will insure that the final product corresponds to high quality standards. Additionally, to secure the quality and safety of the food product under consideration, it is necessary to receive approval of the food safety laws and regulations established by the latest Dubai International Food Safety Conference. Due to the fact that our company is going to expand the brand, it is paramount to conclude franchise agreement with leading European countries such as Germany, Denmark, and neighboring countries where the production of oil is limited. In order to conclude the franchising agreement, it is necessary to consider such issues as franchisor’s obligations and training, location, terms, investments, patent, trademark, and signage usage, advertising and any types of royalties. Our attention is more focused on our partners in Egypt and we are planning to discuss various legal issues. We are going to set a 15% royalty of total sales, in case they launch an effective advertising campaign. Alternatively, the royalty will be about 10 %. Governmental Approvals Aside from legal regulations and food safety certificates, the launch of the new production concept should be supported by governmental agencies regulating commercial and manufacturing issues. Hence, it is necessary to obtain an approval fro m the Chamber of Commerce located in Dubai that is responsible to controlling various production activities. This is especially important for United Foods Company because the Chamber member is an obligatory condition to exercise any industrial, commercial, and professional activities in the United Arabic Emirates.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on New Business Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The approval of Planning Department is also essential for more effective introduction of new brand development of UAE market. This will greatly foster the product penetration to the country market and its active distribution among the retailers because this agency directly influence the local economical and commercial operations in the city. More importantly, the consent of the Department of Health and Minister of Labor will assist in sustaining the company’s respectable image and developing a competitive a dvantage on the market. Product Liability: Insurance Requirements Each product and conception should conform to the general standards of insurance requirements. As our product concepts involves the development of new recipes and natural packaging, it is necessary to provide insurance from manufacturing and design defects and marketing failures. Due to the fact that UAE do not have specific product liability regulations, our company adheres to the international standards and classifications. The country has also introduced a law controlling and preventing deceptive practices in business and commercial transactions providing specific liabilities on producers, suppliers and distributors. Such regulations also present explicit information on the country, trademarks, substances, and trademarks in order to pose a rigid liability on distributors and suppliers to secure our personnel. Our company finds it necessary to adhere to the provisions about liabilities and warranties as established by UEA Commercial Agency (Kurer 561). Introducing their laws will also contribute to the security of our customer and this can also promote the company’s respectability. Moreover, it can also attract other consumers who will be persuaded in the quality and insurance of our product. Examples of Elated Services and Spin-offs That Could Meet the Constantly Growing Marketing Needs in This Industry or Others Certainly, any new product and marketing concepts will not stay long on the market until it successfully meets the customer’s needs. In this regard, it is necessary to keep track of the latest tendencies and trend development at the international market. Due to the fact that we live in the age of globalization and integrations, it is necessary to face those peculiarities to sustain a competitive advantage.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the fact that our concepts is closely connected with the ecological and environmental problems, we believe that our vegetable oil products will be in high demand in we do not cease introducing different logos and messages aimed at improving the current ecological situation. In addition, as we intend to franchise our product in other countries, we are planning to work out powerful strategies for adjusting successfully to cultural diversity issues. What is more important is that our company wants to develop a design for our product that will conform to the international standards. It should also be stressed that the production process, maintenance and other concerns will also be taken into the deepest consideration. Aside from the product design, it is also imperative to consider the innovative teaching in installing modern equipment into the assembly line of vegetable oil. In particular, we plan to introduce new technological device for filtering and purifying oil. Owing to th e fact that our main purpose is to preserve the original flavor of the sunflower oil and to purify it in a proper way, we will use specialized equipment that differs from that destined for purifying olive oil. Production: Internal and External In general the product process will include supply chain of ingredients (sunflower seeds, garlic, rosemary and herbs). At this stage it is necessary to take into consideration the freight expenditures, transportation, testing and insurance. Then, the next stage will be oil extraction and purifying. Other ingredients will be thermally processed. Garlic oil will also be extracted to add to the vegetable oil. Finally, once all products are ready, they are packed and delivered to the retails. List of Expenditure Required for the Production Process (in Dirham): Ingredients: Sunflower – DH 100  000 Garlic – DH 50  000 Herbs – DH 20 000 Packaging – DH 50  000 Brand development – 150 000 Freight – DH 2 0 000 Insurance – DH 100 000 Labor – DH 200 000 Repair, Maintenance, and Rework – DH 10  000 All calculations are approximate but they are made in accordance with the inflations rates and international currency exchange rates. Works Cited Kurer, Martin. Warranties and disclaimers: limitation of liability in consumer-related transactions. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2002. Man, C. M. D., and Jones, Adrian. Shelf-Life evaluation of foods. US: Springer, 2000. Rees, Naomi and Watson, David. International Standard for Food Safety. US: Spinger, 2000. United Foods Company (psc). Mission Statement. Web. Van der Ryn, Sim and Cowan, Stuart. Ecological Design. US: Island Press, 2007. This assessment on New Business Issues was written and submitted by user Ashley C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

This study aims to measure the lung function between 1st year sports therapy university students The WritePass Journal

This study aims to measure the lung function between 1st year sports therapy university students Introduction This study aims to measure the lung function between 1st year sports therapy university students IntroductionResultsDiscussionReferencesRelated Introduction This study aims to measure the lung function between 1st year sports therapy university students. This is appropriate to assess the level of severity of lung diseases such as asthma or cystic fibrosis and identify characteristics when diagnosing other participants.   The study tests both static and dynamic lung volumes by measuring the volume of air expired from the lungs as well as the power of which it is expired. These are measured by a Spirometer machine, which calculates the volume of the lungs forced vital capacity (FVC), which is the maximum volume of air, expired after one maximum inspiration. Also forced expiratory volume (FEV1) showing the percentage of FVC expelled over the time in seconds of which the measurement is made. Lastly by calculating the final measurement of the forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC) we can see the expiatory power to resistance of airflow within the lungs, allowing to show signs of the lungs percentage ability to fo rcibly expel air within the lungs. This study could be seen to look into the physical fitness and ability of the lungs and other pulmonary factors to perform. With the use of the participants we can see the different levels of fitness between subjects and assess other factors, which could contribute to the outcome of the study. The test itself can be described as a random sampling test, subjects were previously assigned you groups that vary in gender and physical fitness. It is conducted by subjects in a seated position on a bench firstly testing FVC values by forcibly expelling as much air as possible, in one rapid expiration after one inspiration into the spirometer. Secondly by forcibly expelling as much air as possible for as long as possible to calculate the FEV1 value. Finally to show an entire resistance to airflow a FEV1/FVC can be calculated. Averages will be taken of each group and higher values can be seen to show a more powerful and resourceful lung function between Subjects. Other variables and factors co nsidered within the tests are the subject’s height, gender and illnesses or conditions to show any outliers or considerable variances between groups. With these in mind the results will be assessed to show the level of performance within the groups and how these could be affected. Results SUBJECT Group INITIALS Gender Height FVC FEV1 FEV1/FVC NOTES 1 A 1012133 M 167 5.2 4.8 92.31 FVC 2 A 0907562 F 171 4.8 4.25 88.54 Group A 3.96 3 A 1028114 M 182 6.6 5.95 90.15 Group B 3.7475 4 A HH M 170 3.75 3.15 84.00 Group C 4.91714286 5 A 0906679 M 171 5.25 4.62 88.00 Group D 4.81111111 6 A 1027186 M 178 5.9 5.5 93.22 Group E 4.77136364 7 A 1005219 M 171 4.28 3.98 92.99 8 A 1012960 F 160 2.93 2.3 78.50 FEV1 9 A 0919586 F 167 4.01 3.43 85.54 Group A 3.38384615 10 A 1003480 F 164 4.45 3.84 86.29 Group B 3.246 11 E JT M 178.5 #DIV/0! Group C 4.26571429 12 E AO F 168 4.1 3.64 88.78 Group D 4.1 13 E DF F 176 3.01 2.54 84.39 Group E 4.12318182 14 E AD F 167.5 3.47 3.19 91.93 SMO 15 E ER F 163 3.19 2.81 88.09 SMO FVC AV 4.44643678 16 E BG F 167 4.04 3.53 87.38 SMO FEV1 AV 3.8291954 17 E BH M 173 5.57 4.77 85.64 18 E SS M 179 5.54 4.63 83.57 19 E JE M 185 6.13 5.01 81.73 20 E JS M 178 5.33 4.68 87.80 21 E SH M 174 4.81 4.42 91.89 22 E FR M 172 5.6 4.6 82.14 23 E OS M 172 5.4 4.6 85.19 24 E MO M 179.4 5.34 4.71 88.20 25 E GN M 172 4.7 4.3 91.49 26 E MONZ M 177 4.45 3.78 84.94 27 E TREVOR M 177 3.88 3.21 82.73 28 E ALI M 168 5.23 4.7 89.87 29 E JOR M 174 5.88 4.74 80.61 30 D CH M 175 4.49 4.01 89.31 31 D HB F 164 #DIV/0! 32 D RM M 175 4.55 3.86 84.84 33 D AS M 172 4.3 4.11 95.58 34 D KC M 183 4.2 3.91 93.10 35 D CO F 168 4.12 3.7 89.81 36 D SL F 168 4.38 3.2 73.06 37 D JT F 154 3.4 2.9 85.29 38 D CP F 164 3.67 3 81.74 39 D TM F 168.5 3.6 3.03 84.17 40 D AL M 180.5 4.55 3.83 84.18 41 D JA M 178.2 4 3.37 84.25 42 D CTK M 176 4.78 4.18 87.45 43 D AB M 179.9 4.62 4.07 88.10 44 D SB M 176 2.8 2.25 80.36 45 C 1014315 F 172 5.65 5 88.50 46 C 1012212 M 191 6.65 6.2 93.23 47 C 1014640 F 156 3.7 3.55 95.95 48 C 1012633 M 167 3.3 2 60.61 49 C 1016163 M 182 5.6 5.05 90.18 50 C 1013151 M 176 5.2 4.4 84.62 51 C 1011941 M 181 5.95 5.4 90.76 52 C 1022773 M 186 6.2 3.4 54.84 53 C 1011809 M 170 4.51 4.1 90.91 54 C F M 3.47 3.19 91.93 55 C S M 167 3.87 3.81 98.45 56 C L F 156.5 3.65 3.12 85.48 57 B JRS M 181 4.95 4.12 83.23 58 B L Dennis M 183 4.8 4.28 89.17 59 B 1023169 M 186 3.7 3.65 98.65 60 B RWJ M 177 3.15 3.02 95.87 SMO 61 B JM M 168.3 6 5.25 87.50 62 B MH F 161.3 4 3.6 90.00 63 B AB M 161.3 5.05 4.33 85.74 64 B BU M 101.8 5.4 4.6 85.19 65 B JW M 179.1 5.4 4.6 85.19 66 B NC M 169.1 4.32 3.26 75.46 67 B EH M 187 5.32 3.88 72.93 68 B 1009373 F 174 3.65 2.92 80.00 69 B CM M 176.7 5.11 4.24 82.97 70 B JR M 176 5.05 4.45 88.12 71 B EK M 171 5.05 4.28 84.75 72 B RB F 165 4.6 4.29 93.26 SMO 73 B 1007117 F 155 3.9 3.5 89.74 74 B 1017573 M 174 4.8 4.5 93.75 75 B 1027814 M 180 4.3 2.89 67.21 Chest inf 76 E 1010245 F 164 2.01 1.25 62.19 77 E 1027206 F 155 2.38 2.26 94.96 Asthma 78 E 1006974 M 176 2.73 2.7 98.90 79 E 1015301 M 176 3.3 3.28 99.39 SMO 80 D 1007703 M 184 5.81 5.07 87.26 81 B 1020415 F 160 2.76 2.15 77.90 Asthma 82 D 1010931 M 1.89 4.52 3.81 84.29 83 D 1026768 F 160 3.64 3.25 89.29 84 C 1012648 F 167 3.71 3.09 83.29 85 A 1027299 M 182 5.32 4.63 87.03 86 A 1003819 F 176 2.47 2.41 97.57 87 B 1005235 F 161 3.43 2.77 80.76 88 C 1013209 F 3.33 2.96 88.89 89 A 1002116 F 4.83 3.53 73.08 (Figure 1) Raw data Collected within the study, outlining the contained variables and data collected. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group A 13 4.5992 1.14036 .31628 (Figure 2.0) One sample T-Test comparing group A’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 4.446436782 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group A .483 12 .638 .15279 -.5363 .8419 (Figure 2.1) One sample T-Test comparing group A’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group B 21 4.5114 .84415 .18421 (Figure 2.2) One sample T-Test comparing group B’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 4.446436782 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper VAR00001 .353 20 .728 .06499 -.3193 .4492 (Figure 2.3) One sample T-Test comparing group B’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group C 14 4.6279 1.19814 .32022 (Figure 2.4) One sample T-Test comparing group C’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 4.446436782 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group C .567 13 .581 .18142 -.5104 .8732 (Figure 2.5) One sample T-Test comparing group C’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group D 17 4.2018 .66987 .16247 (Figure 2.6) One sample T-Test comparing group D’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 4.446436782 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group D -1.506 16 .152 -.24467 -.5891 .0997 (Figure 2.7) One sample T-Test comparing group D’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group E 22 4.3677 1.22493 .26116 (Figure 2.8) One sample T-Test comparing group E’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 4.446436782 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group E -.301 21 .766 -.07871 -.6218 .4644 (Figure 2.9) One sample T-Test comparing group E’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group A 13 4.0300 1.08923 .30210 (Figure 3.0) One sample T-Test comparing group A’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 3.829195402 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group A .665 12 .519 .20080 -.4574 .8590 (Figure 3.1) One sample T-Test comparing group A’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group B 21 3.8371 .77423 .16895 (Figure 3.2) One sample T-Test comparing group B’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 3.829195402 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group B .047 20 .963 .00795 -.3445 .3604 (Figure 3.3) One sample T-Test comparing group B’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group C 14 3.9479 1.14264 .30538 (Figure 3.4) One sample T-Test comparing group C’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 3.829195402 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group C .389 13 .704 .11866 -.5411 .7784 (Figure 3.5) One sample T-Test comparing group C’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group D 17 3.6206 .64917 .15745 (Figure 3.6) One sample T-Test comparing group D’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 3.829195402 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group D -1.325 16 .204 -.20861 -.5424 .1252 (Figure 3.7) One sample T-Test comparing group D’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group E 22 3.7886 1.02453 .21843 (Figure 3.8) One sample T-Test comparing group E’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 3.829195402 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group E -.186 21 .854 -.04056 -.4948 .4137 (Figure 3.9) One sample T-Test comparing group E’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. Test of Homogeneity of Variances VAR00002 Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. 3.835 4 82 .007 (Figure 4.0) One way ANOVA comparing FVC of each group. ANOVA VAR00002 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 2.007 4 .502 .472 .756 Within Groups 87.208 82 1.064 Total 89.215 86 (Figure 4.1) One way ANOVA comparing FVC of each group. Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable:VAR00002 (I) VAR00001 (J) VAR00001 Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Bonferroni A B .08780 .36394 1.000 -.9622 1.1378 C -.02863 .39721 1.000 -1.1746 1.1173 D .39747 .37996 1.000 -.6987 1.4936 E .23150 .36076 1.000 -.8093 1.2723 B A -.08780 .36394 1.000 -1.1378 .9622 C -.11643 .35582 1.000 -1.1430 .9101 D .30966 .33646 1.000 -.6610 1.2803 E .14370 .31462 1.000 -.7640 1.0514 C A .02863 .39721 1.000 -1.1173 1.1746 B .11643 .35582 1.000 -.9101 1.1430 D .42609 .37219 1.000 -.6477 1.4998 E .26013 .35257 1.000 -.7570 1.2773 D A -.39747 .37996 1.000 -1.4936 .6987 B -.30966 .33646 1.000 -1.2803 .6610 C -.42609 .37219 1.000 -1.4998 .6477 E -.16596 .33302 1.000 -1.1267 .7948 E A -.23150 .36076 1.000 -1.2723 .8093 B -.14370 .31462 1.000 -1.0514 .7640 C -.26013 .35257 1.000 -1.2773 .7570 D .16596 .33302 1.000 -.7948 1.1267 Dunnett T3 A B .08780 .36601 1.000 -1.0511 1.2268 C -.02863 .45008 1.000 -1.4006 1.3433 D .39747 .35557 .940 -.7214 1.5164 E .23150 .41016 1.000 -1.0115 1.4745 B A -.08780 .36601 1.000 -1.2268 1.0511 C -.11643 .36942 1.000 -1.2582 1.0254 D .30966 .24562 .893 -.4197 1.0391 E .14370 .31959 1.000 -.8033 1.0907 C A .02863 .45008 1.000 -1.3433 1.4006 B .11643 .36942 1.000 -1.0254 1.2582 D .42609 .35907 .917 -.6951 1.5473 E .26013 .41321 .999 -.9869 1.5071 D A -.39747 .35557 .940 -1.5164 .7214 B -.30966 .24562 .893 -1.0391 .4197 C -.42609 .35907 .917 -1.5473 .6951 E -.16596 .30757 1.000 -1.0829 .7510 E A -.23150 .41016 1.000 -1.4745 1.0115 B -.14370 .31959 1.000 -1.0907 .8033 C -.26013 .41321 .999 -1.5071 .9869 D .16596 .30757 1.000 -.7510 1.0829 (Figure 4.2) One way ANOVA comparing FVC of each group. Test of Homogeneity of Variances VAR00002 Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. 1.485 4 82 .214 (Figure 5.0) One way ANOVA comparing FEV1/FVC of each group. ANOVA VAR00002 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 63.338 4 15.834 .243 .913 Within Groups 5343.195 82 65.161 Total 5406.532 86 (Figure 5.1) One way ANOVA comparing FEV1/FVC of each group. Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable:VAR00002 (I) VAR00001 (J) VAR00001 Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Bonferroni A B 2.36465 2.84873 1.000 -5.8539 10.5832 C 1.93275 3.10914 1.000 -7.0370 10.9025 D 1.47376 2.97412 1.000 -7.1065 10.0540 E .57801 2.82387 1.000 -7.5688 8.7248 B A -2.36465 2.84873 1.000 -10.5832 5.8539 C -.43190 2.78518 1.000 -8.4671 7.6033 D -.89090 2.63361 1.000 -8.4888 6.7070 E -1.78665 2.46267 1.000 -8.8914 5.3181 C A -1.93275 3.10914 1.000 -10.9025 7.0370 B .43190 2.78518 1.000 -7.6033 8.4671 D -.45899 2.91330 1.000 -8.8638 7.9458 E -1.35474 2.75975 1.000 -9.3165 6.6071 D A -1.47376 2.97412 1.000 -10.0540 7.1065 B .89090 2.63361 1.000 -6.7070 8.4888 C .45899 2.91330 1.000 -7.9458 8.8638 E -.89575 2.60669 1.000 -8.4160 6.6245 E A -.57801 2.82387 1.000 -8.7248 7.5688 B 1.78665 2.46267 1.000 -5.3181 8.8914 C 1.35474 2.75975 1.000 -6.6071 9.3165 D .89575 2.60669 1.000 -6.6245 8.4160 Dunnett T3 A B 2.36465 2.45780 .979 -5.0407 9.7700 C 1.93275 3.80046 1.000 -9.9166 13.7821 D 1.47376 2.18161 .998 -5.2430 8.1905 E .57801 2.41005 1.000 -6.6911 7.8471 B A -2.36465 2.45780 .979 -9.7700 5.0407 C -.43190 3.74733 1.000 -12.1297 11.2659 D -.89090 2.08768 1.000 -7.1028 5.3210 E -1.78665 2.32536 .996 -8.6439 5.0706 C A -1.93275 3.80046 1.000 -13.7821 9.9166 B .43190 3.74733 1.000 -11.2659 12.1297 D -.45899 3.57227 1.000 -11.8337 10.9157 E -1.35474 3.71619 1.000 -12.9882 10.2787 D A -1.47376 2.18161 .998 -8.1905 5.2430 B .89090 2.08768 1.000 -5.3210 7.1028 C .45899 3.57227 1.000 -10.9157 11.8337 E -.89575 2.03125 1.000 -6.9231 5.1316 E A -.57801 2.41005 1.000 -7.8471 6.6911 B 1.78665 2.32536 .996 -5.0706 8.6439 C 1.35474 3.71619 1.000 -10.2787 12.9882 D .89575 2.03125 1.000 -5.1316 6.9231 (Figure 5.3) One way ANOVA comparing FEV1/FVC of each group. (Figure 6.0) Graph containing the correlation between Height and FVC results. Group Statistics Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean FVC Females 30 3.6960 .77678 .14182 Males 57 4.8414 .90564 .11995 (Figure 7.0) Independent samples text comparing FVC results between males and females. Independent Samples Test Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference Lower Upper FVC Equal variances assumed 1.665 .200 -5.878 85 .000 -1.14540 .19485 -1.53281 -.75800 Equal variances not assumed -6.166 67.457 .000 -1.14540 .18575 -1.51611 -.77470 (Figure 7.1) Independent samples text comparing FVC results between males and females. Discussion After conducting the study there is much to discuss. Raw data (figure 1) from the tests indicate that some participant did not fill in the required data needed. This can be down to competence of conducting the procedure or observer error asking the question whether this is entirely valid. Furthermore a correct procedure must be outlined and overlooked so that each group performs the same method. Some subjects may have stood up and some may have sat down, possibly causing the results to differ. (Townsend, 1984; Allen et al. 1985) have shown that FVC is affected by body position, 1-2% lower by sitting rather than standing and 7-8% lower supine than to standing. Taking these into account the results could not be described as entirely valid or reliable. As the study looks into identifying and discussing results between student groups we can see how they performed compared to normal values. The subjects appear to deliver between the normal values of 4-5L in males and 3-4L in females for FVC (figure 7.0) this appears to show a significant result meaning males have a higher FVC than females with group C performing the best on average (figure 2.4). (Figure 4.0) shows that the statistic of FVC between the groups has a significance of .007 meaning there is a small difference between them however (figure 4.1) states that the difference is not significant. This essentially shows that although there is an apparent difference between the groups this can be seen as not having an effect on the study. (Figure 3.0) shows that Group A has the highest average FEV1 meaning they have the most power of expiration of air. (Figures 5.0 – 5.1) state that th ere is no significant difference between the values of all the groups with each subject showing results near to the value of 85% this could be seen to have a normal result. With such an apparent loosely based study it is important to consider certain group or subject variances, which can effect the study. Identifying these can create a more reliable and valid study as well as identify further ideas for research. The FVC method is highly effort dependant and has poor reliability as it is measured upon volume of air as well as a less reliable observed rate of exertion. Certain people may not want to exert the entire force needed due to anxiety or other factors such as illness or conditions. (Eston. R. et al. 2009) shows us that although there is no difference between FVC values for healthy people and asthmatics there is a considerable change in dynamic FEV1 values with asthmatics having a much larger decrease in performance from the FVC value. This could be mainly attributed to the fact that asthmatics have difficulty breathing out and therefore exerting a larger force of air from their lungs for a long time could be harder. With this in mind it could be advised that a screening process becomes more prominent before the test it taken these can identify, illnesses, conditions, injuries and even a physical activity questionnaire to see whether more active subject have better results. Any hidden values could the research and discovering more about the subject can help to answer more questions. Height comparisons (figure 6.0) show there is no relationship between the subjects height and FVC value, however it is hard to follow this when it not clear of whether the sitting or standing method has been used. (Ferris et al 1971; Cotes 1979) show that sitting height provides less variability in lung function than standing height, this could show that (figure 6.0) with its varied results show that subjects were standing. (Becklake 1968) explains that there are many other factors that effect lung function results, some of which are not identified within this study. Gender amounts to a change in 30%, body size 22%, age 8% and ethnicity 10% most of which can be identified through a survey. This study may be described as having no significant purpose without the inclusion of further factors detailed by (Becklake 1968). With these included it could be seen to show a purpose and significance with vision to elaborate upon affecting factors however currently this shows a significant variety of results between subject groups. References Becklake,M.R. (1986) Concepts of normality applied to measurement of lung function. American Journal of Medicine; 80: 1158-64. Eston, R. Et al. (2009) Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual: Tests, Procedures and Data, Volume 2: Physiology. 3rd ed. Oxon, Routledge. Ferris, B et al (1971) correlation of anthropometry and simple tests of pulmonary function. Archives of environmental health; 22: 672-6. McArdle,W.D. et al (2006) Essentials of Exercise Physiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams Wilkins Townsend, M.C (1984) Spirometric forced expiratory volumes measured in the standing versus sitting posture. American Review of Respiratory Disease; 130:123-4.

How to Conjugate Voler (to Fly, Steal) in French

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History final exam - Essay Example It was some time before the terms and concepts fundamental to Hinduism was defined under the Law of Manu during the Mauryan Empire. The Law of Manu made the concepts of karma, dharma, Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaisya, Sudras, the Untouchables, jati, as well as Brahma central elements of the Hindu civilisation within Ancient India. When added altogether these concepts and the Law of Manu effectively formed Hindu culture, morality, and religious practices, as well as been the basis of the caste system. At that foundation stage Hinduism, was not linked with any attempt to tightly control the social and economic relationships between everybody within Indian society.1 The Indus civilisation lasted for around a thousand years before it was overrun by the successful incursions of the Aryans. With the Aryans came the caste system that was adopted as part of Hinduism. It was widely believed that this system delayed the development of large cities and meant that the pace of technological developments was slowed down.2 The caste system affected Indian both the social and economic development due to it being used to determine the economic, social, employment, and legal status of all Hindus within the country. The operation of the Hindu caste system did not prevent India from enjoying extensive and lucrative trading links during the Mauriyan Empire. Those trading links stretched as far west as Rome and as far east as China.3 Another reason the caste system has had such a strong influence upon Indian social and economic development was because the ownership of land, as well as the means of production, and the work that people could perform was chiefly determined by the position they were born into. This rigidly adhered to caste system allowed for the concentration of wealth as well as leading to a highly regulated social and economic order. It also arguably meant that people

History of East Saint Louis Essay Example for Free

History of East Saint Louis Essay East Saint Louis, Illinois is a very small city it has a total of 89 streets as of today. Around in the 1860’s the city used to be called Illinois town. It was the fourth largest city in the state of Illinois. People knew one place they could get a job was in this city. The name East Saint Louis came about because of the terrible reputation it had when it was known as Illinois town so they decided to rename it hoping to overcome all the challenges they were facing. Jobs started to vanish, riots broke out and blacks moving there was the cause of all this. Most of the blacks that lived there came from down South where living conditions couldn’t be much worst. If they had a chance to move their children they did. They didn’t want their children to experience the life of picking cotton as they had. The whites there were upset and weren’t going to let the blacks take their jobs. As time grew and more blacks start to come, the more jobs started to leave so as the jobs started to leave the Population started to decline meaning taxes were higher and cuts had to be made. One investor had in mind if he bought some vacant lots that he could make a little money on the side, because the federal government was going to provide funds for â€Å"turnkey housing† to be scattered throughout the city, so the empty property will be his quick get rich scheme. When the housing Authority began building Low-income housing, real-estates agents and developers made a lot of money building and selling houses in West Belleville. The whites started to flee once they started to build in their neighborhoods. As time as started to pass things started to get worst, Violence were people were hurt, Homes being broken into, people being robbed, and killed. The population in the 1960 was around 81,728, as of 2011 the population is 27,000, with an estimated 14,000 resident living in public housing that leaves the tax burden on the 13,000. Forty percent of the residents draw public aid. The blacks who are able are fleeing away from the city as well. This makes the population continue to drop. In 1972, James Williams was the town black first Mayor he defeated Charles Merritts even though Merritts had the support of the white Democrats. Thereafter Merritts was sentence to federal prison for taking kickbacks as president of School District 189 Board of Education and also for putting a contract out to kill Clyde C. Jordan, a great leader for the town who was a fellow school board member and publisher of the Crusader black weekly newspaper. In the present year we can see that nothing has changed. All the corruption of this town has been going on since the beginning of time. Nothing really has change, we might see a new promising building here and now but the wrong people still holds the key to the scene of this all. We as citizens of East St. Louis, IL hopefully one day get the courage to stand up for what’s right and not worry about the consequence we might endure. Change is good and the city of East Saint Louis needs a tremendous change and we as the people can and shall make that happen.

Governmental Involvement in the Business World :: Essays Papers

Governmental Involvement in the Business World The government has played a role in business in our history. They have had positive as well as negative effects on business in America. That is what I am going to be looking at for this essay. The government has played a vital part in issues such as the excessive power that businesses have had. The government has also helped get rid of many kinds of prejudices against women, the elderly, the poor, the disabled, and against many racial and ethnic minorities. These changes began with the New Deal being of Roosevelt. After the implementation of the New Deal the wage gap began to gradually close between the richest and the poorest of Americans. This can be credited to laws and along with other government actions that were put into place during Roosevelt's presidency. Things such as Social Security, unemployment benefits, minimum wage all these things and much more were introduced by the government to better the lives of the working public. Government supervision increased in the 1930s and several industries became regulated by the government, such as trucking, airlines, electric utilities, and interstate gas. Other industries as well were kept under government regulation until the 1970s and 80s when they realized that the New Deal ideas that were passed in an emergency, were inappropriate in the long run for certain industries. The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 required that all companies that were traded on the stock exchanges as well as banking firms and securities industries issue to stockholders and to the government detailed annual reports. These would contain information essential to the consumers. Also railroads and utilities were required to submit annual reports to regulatory commissions. The regulatory commissions and the annual reports were created to make sure that laws would be followed. The laws benefited the investment banking industry in the long run, because it helped companies sell stocks and bonds by giving investors confidence in the decisions they were making. The early 1930s were a time of serious deflation and federal price supports were

Dementia awareness Essay

What is dementia? Dementia is a gradual loss of brain functions. The most common form of dementia is caused by Alzheimer’s disease but there are many other forms of dementia including: alcohol related dememtias,vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementias and Lewy body dementia. Key functions of the brain that are affected by dementia. Each case of dementia is different. The area of the brain affected will depend on the type of dementia. Dementia can affect every area of thinking, feeling, and behaviour. It will eventually also affect the persons physical functions. Why depression, delirium and age related memory impairment may be mistaken for dementia? All the above manifest with similar symptoms. Depression coupled with age related memory impairment looks the same as dementia to the untrained eye. Depression and delirium can be treated with medication. However, once treated, age related memory loss can be assessed. If it is dementia it can not be cured although medication can be used to ease the symptoms. Medical model of dementia Dementia as a clinical syndrome is characterised by global cognitive impairment,which represents a decline from previous level of functioning, and is associated with impairment in functional abilities and, in many cases, behavioural and psychiatric disturbances. The Social Model definition of dementia ‘The loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the community on an equal level with others because of physical and social barriers’ and refers to being disabled as having an impairment defined as ‘the loss or limitation of physical, mental or sensory function on a long-term or permanent basis’. Why is dementia viewed as a disability? In contrast to a medical model the social model regards dementia as an impairment, where a marked difference can be made to quality of life by the  way people with dementia are supported. Common causes of dementia The main common causes of dementia are age, genetics and medical history. These factors coupled with any possible other medical diseases can cause or accompany dementia, such as: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Dementia with Lewy Bodies Down Syndrome Frontotemporal Dementia Huntington’s Disease Mild Cognitive Impairment Mixed Dementia Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Posterior Cortical Atrophy Parkinson’s Disease Dementia Traumatic Brain Injury Vascular Dementia Korsakoff Syndrome Dementia risk and possible prevention The main risk factors of dementia are age and genetics, this cannot be changed. However, researchers continue to explore the impact of other risk factors on brain health and prevention of dementia. Some of the most active areas of research in risk reduction and prevention include cardiovascular factors, physical fitness, and diet.

Explain Why Trotsky Did Not Become the Leader of the Ussr

Explain why Trotsky did not become the leader of the USSR After Lenin’s death in 1924 the Bolsheviks (although not out rightly stated) were in need of a new leader. The power struggle occurred from 1923-1929 and eventually Stalin effectively became the leader of the USSR due to many reasons, including the weaknesses of Trotsky. Trotsky had not been a Bolshevik initially – he converted from the Menshevik party in 1917. Therefore some of the party members doubted him as 100% trustworthy.Within the Civil War, he had created and led the ‘Red Army’ which was still very strong, and they feared that if he had the power to do so, Trotsky would use the Red Army to begin a violent coup and take over the whole country himself. On top of this, Trotsky himself hadn’t tried to build up support within the party and consequently after Lenin’s death when the party were in debate as to how the country should be run Trotsky had a difficult time trying to put for ward his ideas as many supported Stalin.In fact Trotsky had widely underestimated Stalin as a contender for the party’s leadership. He had regarded him as inferior, which may have been true if looking at intelligence, however Trotsky’s arrogance blinded him as his disregard for anyone less intelligent than himself again lost him support, whilst Stalin was gaining it throughout the judgements he put forward and the allies he was creating. In hindsight it is clear that this self-importance was Trotsky’s major downfall at this time because not only was he disliked but it caused him to make some crucial errors of judgement.Most significantly the decision with Stalin to not publish Lenin’s final testament, in which it was proven that Lenin disliked Stalin and believed he had too much power and couldn’t be trusted. It is clear that had this been publicised at the time Stalin would have struggled enormously to become the leader with the criticism of a pop ular leader before hand. However it condemned Trotsky as well and although his would’ve most likely had minor effect, he chose to keep his pride.This may have been partly because Trotsky wasn’t as driven as the other leaders in wanting to take over the party as he believed that as a Jew there would be prejudice against him as a leader due to anti-Semitism in Russia. Therefore he didn’t push himself forward. Overall Trotsky did not become the leader of the USSR because he didn’t have much support within the party and his lack of tactics and drive didn’t make him a strong contender. Both of these weaknesses were highly influenced by his self absorbed personality.

Varying Degrees of Stupid

Varying Degrees of Stupid Varying Degrees of Stupid Varying Degrees of Stupid By Maeve Maddox As I browse the Web, skimming comments on various topics, one word comes up again and again: stupid. There’s no end of people or things that some grump somewhere is calling stupid in speech or in writing. For example: The government is stupid. Women are stupid. Men are stupid. April Fool’s Day is stupid. Handwriting is stupid. Classical music is stupid. Riding a bicycle is stupid. What a waste! English speakers are blessed with dozens of words that convey numerous shades of stupidity. First, let’s look at the meaning of stupid. Some speakers regard it as the opposite of intelligent, but that’s misleading. Intelligent people often say and do stupid things. Stupid derives from the Latin adjective stupidus, which in turn comes from the Latin verb stupere, â€Å"to be stunned or benumbed.† English stupid is still used with that meaning. For example, a person might be â€Å"stupid from a blow to the head,† â€Å"stupid with grief,† â€Å"stupid with sleep,† â€Å"stupid from lack of sleep,† or â€Å"stupid with drink.† In these contexts, the stupidity is temporary. It refers to an impaired ability to think and react normally. More commonly, applied to a person, stupid means â€Å"slow of mental perception.† A stupid person is slow-witted, lacking in quickness of mind. Applied to an idea or a thing, stupid means that the thing is dull, uninteresting, or ill-considered. Numerous synonyms for stupid exist. When the intention is to point out a lapse of judgment or careful thought, these are useful options in serious discussions of literature, personal relationships, and public affairs: unintelligent foolish vacuous vapid obtuse nonsensical unwise injudicious inane absurd fatuous asinine unthinking ill-advised ill-considered ludicrous ridiculous laughable risible Some terms common in colloquial speech are considered inappropriate for formal use because they derive from terms once used to describe types of mental deficiencies. For example: idiotic imbecilic moronic cretinous Note: The words ignorant and dumb are also used colloquially to mean â€Å"mentally slow,† but they are unfortunate choices. Everyone is ignorant in some areas. All ignorant means is â€Å"lacking in knowledge.† Likewise, dumb has a meaning unrelated to intellectual ability: â€Å"unable to speak.† An intelligent, well-informed person may for some reason lack the ability to speak. Some words that name impaired thinking also connote ridicule and disdain: dense doltish thick, thickheaded dim, dimwitted dopey dozy pea-brained half-witted brain-dead bone-headed daft crazy cracked half-baked dimwitted cockeyed harebrained lamebrained nutty batty cuckoo simple-minded loony loopy Finally a few adjectives convey the idea of stupidity without the sting of ridicule- among friends, at least. Here are some: daft dopey dozy scatter-brained nutty batty cuckoo loony loopy Admission: Even with all these options, sometimes stupid is the only word that satisfies the feelings of the speaker. For example, â€Å"This stupid app keeps crashing!† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SHow to Punctuate Descriptions of Colors15 English Words of Indian Origin

How to Create a Heritage Scrapbook - Family History Album

How to Create a Heritage Scrapbook - Family History Album The perfect place to showcase and protect your precious family photos, heirlooms, and memories, a heritage scrapbook album is a wonderful way to document your familys history and create a lasting gift for future generations. While it may seem a daunting task when faced with boxes of dusty old photos, scrapbooking is actually both fun and easier than you might think. Gather Your Memories At the heart of most heritage scrapbooks is the photos - pictures of your grandparents wedding, your great-grandfather at work in the fields, a family Christmas celebration, and so on. Begin your heritage scrapbook project by gathering together as many photographs as possible, from boxes, attics, old albums, and relatives. These photos dont necessarily need to have people in them - pictures of old houses, automobiles, and towns are great for adding historical interest to a family history scrapbook. Remember, in your quest, that pictures from slides and reel-to-reel 8mm films can be made at a relatively low cost through your local photo store. Family mementos such as birth and marriage certificates, report cards, old letters, family recipes, clothing items, and a lock of hair can also add interest to a family history scrapbook. Smaller items can be incorporated into a heritage scrapbook by placing them in clear, self-adhesive, acid-free memorabilia pockets. Larger heirlooms such as a pocket watch, wedding dress, or family quilt can also be included by photocopying or scanning them and using the copies in your heritage album. Get Organized As you begin to accumulate photos and materials, work to organize and protect them by sorting them in archival safe photo files and boxes. Use labeled file dividers to help you divide the photos into groups - by person, family, time-period, life-stages, or another theme. This will help make it easy to find a specific item as you work, while also protecting the items which dont make it into the scrapbook. As you work, use a photo-safe pen or pencil to write details of each photo on the back, including the peoples names, the event, the location and the date the photo was taken. Then, once your photos are organized, store them in a dark, cool, dry location, keeping in mind that its best to store photos standing upright. Assemble Your Supplies Since the purpose of compiling a heritage scrapbook is to preserve family memories, it is important to start with supplies that will protect your precious photographs and memorabilia. Basic scrapbooking begins with just four items - an album, adhesive, scissors, and a journaling pen. Scrapbook Album - Choose a photo album that contains acid-free pages, or purchase acid-free, PVC-free sheet protectors and slip them into a three-ring binder. The size of your scrapbook is a matter of personal preference (most scrapbooks are either 8 1/2 x 11 or 12 x 12.), but consider the availability and cost of supplies, as well as how many pictures you want to fit on each page when you make your choice. Scrapbook albums come in a variety of styles, with post bound, expandable spine and 3 ring albums being the most popular.Adhesives - Used to secure everything to the album pages, adhesives come in many forms, including photo corners, photo tape, double-sided adhesive strips, and glue sticks.Scissors - Available in both straight-edge and decorative-edge, scissors help cut your photos into interesting shapes and crop out any unwanted areas.Journaling Pens - Acid-free, permanent markers, and pens are necessary for writing down important names, dates, and family memories, as well as f or adding fun doodles and pictures to your scrapbook pages. Other fun scrapbooking supplies to enhance your family history scrapbook include colored and patterned acid-free papers, stickers, a paper trimmer, templates, decorative rulers, paper punches, rubber stamps, computer clipart, and fonts, and a circle or pattern cutter. Next Page Step-by-Step Heritage Scrapbook Pages After gathering the photos and memorabilia for your heritage scrapbook, its finally time for the fun part - to sit down and create the pages. The basic steps for creating a scrapbook page include: Select Your Photos Begin your page by choosing a number of photos for your page which relate to a single theme - e.g. Great-grandmas wedding. For a single album page layout, select 3 to 5 photos. For a two page spread, select between 5 and 7 photos. When you have the option, use only the best photos for your heritage album - photos which are clear, focused, and best help to tell the story. Heritage Tip - If a photo that you wish to use in your album is torn, scratched, or faded, consider scanning in the photo and using a graphic editing program to repair the cracks and clean up the image. The restored image can then be printed and used for your heritage album. Choose Your Colors Select 2 or 3 colors to complement your photos. One of these may serve as a background or base page, and the others for matting photos. A variety of papers, including patterns and textures, are available which can serve as beautiful backgrounds and mats for heritage scrapbooks. Heritage Tip - You can create your own background papers by photocopying precious family heirlooms (such as a bit of lace from your grandmothers wedding dress). If using patterned paper or a photocopied image for the background, then it is usually best to mat photos with plain papers to help them stand out from the busy background. Crop Photos Use a pair of sharp scissors to trim away unwanted background and other objects in your photos. You may want to keep cars, houses, furniture, or other background images in some photos for historical reference while highlighting just a specific individual in others. Cropping templates and cutters are available to help you crop your photos in a variety of shapes. Decorative-edged scissors can also be used to trim photos. Heritage Tip - It is best to make and use copies of any precious heritage photos which you wish to crop, rather than cutting and possibly destroying the only photo you have of a deceased relative. Cropping can also cause crumbling edges and cracking emulsion in older, fragile photos. Mat Photos A bit different than the traditional picture mat, matting to scrapbookers means to glue a photograph on a piece of paper (the mat) and then trim the paper close to the edges of the photograph. This creates a decorative frame around the photo. Different combinations of decorative-edged scissors and straight scissors can help provide interest and help your photos pop from the pages. Heritage Tip - When including original heritage photographs in your scrapbook, it is always a good idea to attach them to your page with photo corners rather than glue or other adhesive options. in case you need to remove them or make additional copies. Arrange the Page Begin by experimenting with possible layouts for your photos and memorabilia. Arrange and rearrange until the layout satisfies you. Be sure to leave room for titles, journaling, and embellishments. When you are happy with the layout to attach to the page using acid-free adhesive or tape. Alternatively, use photo corners or a corner slot punch. Heritage Tip - Always assume that memorabilia is acidic, rather than finding out the hard way. Use a deacidification spray to deacidify book pages, newspaper clippings, and other papers, and enclose other memorabilia in acid-free sleeves. Next Page Add Interest With Journaling Embellishments Add Journaling Personalize your page by writing down names, date, and place of event, as well as memories or quotes from some of the people involved. Called journaling, this is probably the most important step when creating a heritage scrapbook. For each photo or set of related photos, you should follow the five Ws - 1) who (who are the people in the photo), when (when was the photo taken), where (where was the photo taken), why (why is the moment significant), and what (what are the people doing in the photo). When journaling, be sure to use a waterproof, fade resistant, permanent, quick drying pen - preferably black as research has shown that black ink best stands the test of time. Other colors can be used for adding decoration, or other non-essential information. Heritage Tip - When journaling in your heritage scrapbooking, it is important to be specific, adding related memories and details to the names and dates. Grandma in her kitchen on June 1954 is nice, but it is better to write: Grandma loves to cook and is very proud of her kitchen, seen here on June 1954. Her chocolate cake was always the hit of the party. Embellish by adding mementos from the occasion, such as a copy of Grandmas chocolate cake recipe (in her own handwriting, if possible). Add Embellishments To complete your scrapbook layout and complement your photos, consider adding some stickers, die cuts, punch art, or stamped images. Stickers add interest with very little work on your part and help give your page a polished look.Die Cuts are pre-cut shapes cut from cardstock, available in many sizes and colors. They help add pizzazz to your scrapbook without the need for a lot of creative talent. Solid die-cuts also make great spots for journaling. Be sure to select die-cuts made from acid-free and lignin-free paper.Punch Art, the process of using shaped craft punches to cut various shapes from cardstock and them combining those shapes to create completed works of art, is another easy way to add interest to your scrapbook pages. Again, be sure that you use acid-free and lignin-free paper to create your punch art.

Unconscionable contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Unconscionable contract - Essay Example The rationale behind the doctrine of unconscionability is to circumvent the enforcement of unfair contracts. In the case at bar, Amy, who was a college student, was led to believe by the salesman that the home theater system, Alpo Model XL2, costs $3,000, when in truth and in fact, the actual standard cost of the theater system is only $1,000. The price given by the salesman was two times higher than the prevailing standard cash market price of the item bought by the buyer. Hence, the â€Å"rent-to-own† contract signed by Amy is considered unconscionable. Under the law, Amy has the remedy to demand the return of the excess $2,000 since the contract price is unconscionable, excessive and unfair on her part. Here, the salesman acted in bad faith at the time of the signing of the â€Å"rent-to-own† contract. Therefore, in order to cure the damage caused to the buyer, Amy can go to court and have the contract declared as unconscionable and oppressive, since there was a violation on the part of the salesman to fulfill his obligation in good faith in accordance with their contract. She can legally demand the refund of excess payment of $2,000. â€Å"It is the judge who has the power to declare whether or not a contract is unconscionable, and not the jury† (Emanuel,

Overview and Objectives of the Network Technology Term Paper

Overview and Objectives of the Network Technology - Term Paper Example The researcher of this term paper presents a study of networks, that is a key part of the training that professionals using IT infrastructure need. This paper relates to the proposed adoption of a new low cost internet based network to help my organization save on network administration costs. There are many internet applications available to organizations that can help build reliable networks. However, there is need for careful analysis of the benefits and the costs of adopting such systems. The major IT applications at the researcher's organization include logging in of patient details, keeping track of the treatment process and recording of prescriptions. In addition, the organization generates and stores data relating to availability of drugs and vendor information. IT also provides support for the billing and accounts department, and is the means through which the other management functions take place. For instance, the management communicates to all members of staff via email g enerated and distributed through the existing network. All these services run from a variety of platforms, some of which are quite expensive to maintain. The proposed low cost network, that is described in this essay and has a very simple design, that may help to reduce the costs the organization incurs in software development and maintenance. Laudon and Laudon point out that â€Å"many business applications are now delivered online as an internet service, rather than as boxed software or custom systems†.

Product Analysis On a Portable Electronic Scale Essay

Product Analysis On a Portable Electronic Scale - Essay Example Balances are used to measure the mass of a body which means the gravitational pull on the body whereas the scale measure the weight which is the tension of the compression force provided by the scale used. In order to measure the mass of very small objects we cannot use ordinary scales or balances. For this purpose a microbalance is used which can measure mass of the order of million parts of a gram. Portable electronic scales can be used for a variety of purposes. One such purpose is to check your own luggage before entering the airport so that you do not have to pay any extra luggage money at the airport. These scales are also used by traders and businessmen who are always on the move. Diamond traders usually carry their own portable scales in order to ensure that they are not ripped off during transactions. One example of a portable electronic scales the xinyu digital luggage scale. These scales are usually very light weight and easy to use. (Best Micro-controller Projects, 2007) They also show weight correctly in kgs, pounds and other units. They can also be programmed to save the last few readings, work on easily available batteries and can be switched off when not in use. Thus the scales are quite handy and useful. A picture of the scale is shown below – Electronic portable scales measure weight with the help of a strain gauge. The strain gauge is a length sensitive electrical resistance and is used to measure the deflection of the beam once the weight is suspended from it. As the object is suspended the electrical resistance of the gauge changes. (Window, 1992)The resistance of the beam to deflection determines the capacity of the strain gauge and in turn the capacity of the scale. In order to measure smaller objects only a single strain gauge may be required but to measure very heavy objects like trucks rail wagons etc, the results which arrive from different supporting locations are added up electronically in order

Its The Beauty Pageants Media Essay

Its The Beauty Pageants Media Essay By definition, the beauty pageant is a competition in which young women are judged by physical appearance alone. As the old saying goes, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Beauty, as determined by a panel of judges (the beholders), means that someone who is considered attractive to one person may not necessarily appeal to another, and it allows judges to set the standard of what is beautiful or not. If this was a perfect world, maybe everyone would follow the wise words of this old saying and admit that evaluating beauty is only a matter of personal taste and contemporary standards and trends. However, society often turns every aspect of a persons life into a competition. The beauty pageant is perhaps one competition society could do without. Beauty pageants are an unnecessary entertainment of society because they set unrealistic beauty standards for an audience of easily influenced young women, they encourage judging a persons worth based on appearance only, rather than on a persons character, and they objectify young women. In the world of beauty pageants, there is only one kind of beauty. This one kind of beauty is Barbie: tall, long-legged, tiny waist, straight white teeth, long thick hair. These beauty pageants can be misleading and harmful, not only to women without this body type, but to society as a whole. The standard that beauty pageants strive for is not an all-encompassing idea of beauty, but one that is shallow and looks only at a womans physical appearance. Beauty pageant organizers have striven for years to ensure that contestants have an opportunity to show their skills before they are crowned a beauty queen, but the reality is that a woman not fitting the physical standards of beauty competition would nev er be considered to enter a competition. Beauty pageants promote the idea that looks are superior to a persons abilities, feelings and heart. These young women are judged only on the basis of physical appearance. The talent component of competition just does not have much weight simply because an ugly person (a person who does not have a body fitting with the accepted standards of the time) could never win a competition, and often would not compete at all. Judging young women primarily on their looks takes important character developments out of focus because other qualities, such as intelligence, are not seen as part of ideal femininity and therefore not as things to which women should aspire. Miss USA 2002 went to a tall, blonde Texas woman who won the crowd when she stated that education was important and that you can tell if someone has an education by looking at them (Cornforth, 1). Perhaps her intent was to promote the value of education, but the statement instead implied that important character traits and intelligence can be summed up by a glance. (Dont judge a book by its cover, to use another familiar saying.) Young women are judged mainly on their physical appearance, while their personal qualities and talents are not judged. Beauty pageants include quizzes in which the contestants show their intelligence by answering questions that are really just demonstrations of adhering to the social norms of the time. These questions are always very simple, broad questions involving current issues such as health care, gay marriage, and abortion. The contestants are discouraged from answering in a way that demonstrates their own personal opinions; if a girl is on a stage being evaluated by a panel of liberal judges in front of a liberal audience, she would never speak against gay marriage or abortion, but would give the answer that would most likely please the crowd. In this way, she is only learning to give the popular answer and not analyze what her own beliefs are, and then learn to defend those beliefs. Beauty pageants are misleading to young women. Very few women are born with a body that fits the current standard of beauty. A majority of young women dont have a body which adheres to the current social standard of the time. These young women tend to be viewed as plain but they can clean up and look beautiful but they cannot stand the pressure. After watching beauty pageants, plain young women often lower their self esteem (these young women dont do this on purpose) and some young women then try to make themselves look more attractive. Besides, for beauty pageants winners, their success often gives them the need to do after ward is to keep up and improve their physical beauty (physical body), and as a result many no longer live up to further education or other ways of professional development. Beauty pageants strongly promote the negative aspect that young women are seen as objects of sexual interest. These contests fail to challenge harmful political attitudes to young women. They do nothing to aid the liberation of young women. By promoting looks as the most important feminine quality, they harm young womens liberation in general. On the 17th of February the Campus National Organization for Women protested the Miss MAO Beauty Pageant (Gats, 1). They handed out four-hundred protest flyers which stated their disgust with Florida Blue Key and the University of Florida for holding a sexist pageant where women must be checked out in swimsuits and parade themselves in skin-tight evening gowns in order to be awarded scholarship money. (Gats, 1) In this way, beauty pageants encourage young women to see and promote themselves as an object (like a car) to be judged by men. Beauty pageants hurt young women by treating them as objects held up to a strict standard of beauty, a standa rd that is painful, time consuming, and expensive for young women to try to achieve. Beauty pageants can be misleading by having young women lower their personal standards of sexuality. At what age is it appropriate for a young woman to be called sexy? Young women have a huge role model role in a little girl. Little girls look up to these young women because they are beautiful, if these young women are wearing immodest clothes to be sexy, then these little girls will want to do the same. These little girls should not be worried about trying to be sexy, they should enjoy a healthy childhood as girls who are developing talents and interests and whose worth is evaluated by their poise, intelligence, hard work, kindness, and grace. Beauty pageants are well promoted by the media with television and images, which influence young womens opinions on appearance. The participants of these pageants are poor role models for these young women as they set a standard for an almost unhealthy body weight, unrealistic breast size, and flawless complexion standards. Only a small minority of women can realistically achieve this ideal female body. The media pressures all young women to conform which can encourage unhealthy dieting and eating disorders, tanning, cosmetic surgery, and simply to keep working to achieve unrealistic, temporary goals that often have irreversible damages. An article, titled Thoughts about Miss Teen USA, out of a local American magazine was written by a young women teen in 2005, who had just watched Miss Teen on NBC. Her wrap up of the beauty pageant was; White teeth. White teeth. Prom-style dress. Blonde. White teeth. Blonde. Chandelier earrings. Tan. Blonde. Tan. Strapless gown. followed by, Thats al l you need to know (Callow, 1). The statement made by this young women teen is not one that is from a minority. She is one of thousands that view this as the norm for a woman of beauty. It is not healthy or realistic for a young woman to think there is one type of beauty or one type of accepted body. It is harmful and could lead to both physical and emotional damage. The media has so many affects of young women; they wish to be as perfect as the beauty queen on television, magazines, and internet. These young women will do anything it takes to become the next beauty queen, even it causes them to go on diets or get plastic surgery. In a high percentage of Hollywood films, even those in which the young woman should be portrayed as a strong willed, independent heroine, usually feature young women being played off as sex objects. Though there is nothing wrong with a woman being classified as sexy, it should not be the main focus. One made of uniqueness, intelligence and charm is what should be promoted. Movies such as Lara Croft: Tomb Raider and Charlies Angels send the same message to young woman that beauty pageants do, which is that only one kind of body is acceptable. This is harmful to a majority of young women as beauty pageants are encouraging men to treat them as an object rather than young women with opinions and uniqueness. Joel Yager, M.D. writes: Every society has a way of torturing its women, whether by binding their feet or by sticking them into whalebone corsets. What contemporary American culture has come up with is designer jeans. (94). With media pressuring young women to be thin and a millions of dollars spent towards dieting, higher rates of eating disorders in the population are growing (Gats, 2). Many beauty pageant contestants suffer from some form of eating disorder. Anorexia (starvation to loose weight) and bulimia (binge eating) are the two main eating disorders. Young women who suffer from anorexia have the fear of being fat so severe that they starve themselves to weight loss, often leading to death (Gats, 2). Even when anorexic young women are thin, they think of themselves too fat. A low self esteem causes them to fear even taking a small amount of food. Bulimia is binge eating that following a pattern such as, eating compulsively and then throwing it up. After a binge young women eats, they try to control themselves by throwing up their food through vomiting. Young women have extreme habits of both eating and exercising. Ideally, beauty pageants should be healthy role models, but this is not the case. To be beautiful in the world means that a young woman never feels decent about herself, she is always putting herself down. If a woman does not see her body as acceptable, she will often be driven to change it, and these changes are often drastic. Plastic surgery can be used to alter any body part: the breasts, lips, thighs, and stomach are among the most popular. Plastic surgery can be especially harmful to adolescents. When a young women have plastic surgery done at such a early age, the risk for diseases such as breast cancer are extremely high. Many young women are striving to look their best, and they feel that plastic surgery is the only way to go. They do not stop to think about the long-term consequences of the surgery. They want instant results, meaning that they will often pay thousands of dollars to alter bodies that had nothing wrong them in the first place. The promotion of this single standard of physical beauty is harmful to women everywhere because it discourages girls to love the body they are born with. The simple and realistic truth is that there are some physical aspects of a persons body that are impossible to change, and promoting the tall, slim, supermodel figure as being the only accepted body type excludes different styles. Every year more than one million people are diagnosed with skin cancer in the United States. Despite this fact, hundreds of thousands of people routinely visit tanning salons (Cornforth, 1). Tanning beds generally give off 93% to 99% UVA radiation (Cornforth, 1). This is three times the UVA radiation given off by the sun! Over time, the effects of too much UVA exposure can lead to many different problems such as eye damage, immune system changes, wrinkles and premature aging of the skin, and skin cancers. The most common cancer is malignant melanoma, it is the deadliest form and its degree is flat out rising in young women under 40 (Cornforth, 1). Beauty pageants are an unnecessary element in society because they set unrealistic beauty standards for an audience. There are beauty pageants out there which attempt to create a judgment of well-balanced young women. These sorts of competitions are trying to promote the intelligence mixed with beauty side, which should be heavily commended. However, beauty pageants in which beauty is emphasized as a solitary basis for winning are dangerous and harmful to society. Young women are fragile, as they try to find a place for themselves in this world. When someone sees the pain of a young women struggling with eating disorders, hears a young women beg to convince her parents to allow her to get plastic surgery because they cant stand a certain part of their body, it can be concluded that beauty pageants do a great disservice to the winners, the losers, and all children. Personal hope would be that an organization such as to find a better way to lift up the spirit of our young women. WORK CITED: Gats, Thomas. Are Beauty Pageants Harmful?. October 27, 2008 >. Cornforth, Tracee. Are Indoor Tanning Booths Safe?. September 09, 2009 . Callow, Clare. How Beauty Contests Harmful. Septemeber 10, 2009: 2004.