Auction system

Placement Manager paper work. If any student got call for Interview placement manager has to inform to the student. In order to avoid manual problem we are design existing system as online Training and Placement system, so the what ever the information placement manager has to pass to the student he/she can inform online.All the resume send by the student which can be maintain in the database and if any interview call placement manager got he/she can inform through mail to every student. 1. 2 Scope This system can be used as an application for the TOP of the college to manage the student information with regards to placement. Students logging should be able to upload their information in the form of a C.V.. Visitors/Company representatives logging in may also access/search any information put up by Students. It provides an only online platform to fill upload their information in the form of a C.V..Visitors/Company representatives logging in may also access/search any information put up by Students. Online Training And Placement : Online Training and Placement project is aimed at developing an online application for the Training and Placement Dept. Of the college. The system is an online application that can be accessed throughout the organization and outside as well with proper login provided. Functional components of the project: Following is a list of functionalities of the system. More functionality that you find appropriate can be added to this list.And, in places where the description of nationality is not adequate, you can make appropriate assumptions and proceed. A person should be able to -Access/ Search C.v./information from the first page (only read access). -login to the into the system – Upload his/her C.V.. – See/change his/her details. – Get help about the application on how to use the different features of the system. An admit login should be present who can read as well as remove any uploads. Preferably it should be given to the TOP. Software Requirements: – Operating System

Promote Communication Essay

1. Understand why effective communication is important in the work setting. 1.1 Identify the different reasons people communicate. We communicate all the time to greet others and socialise, to express our needs/feelings and or concerns, to share our ideas, to pass on information, to reassure others, to build relationships with others, to ask questions, to share our experiences. Communication can be professional or personal. It is important in social work environments that information is recorded so that if it needs to recalled later on for legal reasons it can be. All communications are confidential and a â€Å"need to know† basis. Communication between colleagues is essential so that the service user is having the same care and needs by all members of their care team. 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationships in the work settings. Communication in the work environment with colleagues, service users, family members, Other organisations regarding the service user. Promotes trust, helps understand the individual’s needs. Communication is used to inform others of the care and wellbeing of the service user without communication I would not know what the service user wants and needs, feelings and wellbeing. Communication can prevent or resolve conflict and prevent misunderstanding. 2 Be able to meet the communication and language needs and wishes and preferences of Individuals 2.1 Demonstrate how to establish the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals. I can establish a service user’s preferred method of communication by: asking the service user, reading their care plan, ask family members and friends, ask colleagues. As I care for the service user I will be making observations and asking questions and I can share my experiences with colleagues and  record them in the service users care plan. The service users’ needs should reflect their: culture, beliefs, religion and their preferences according to their needs. 2.2 Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication. Factors to consider when communicating could be: * Is the environment adequate for the communication (well lit, quiet, confidential etc?) * The service user has the abilities to understand (dementia, mental health, learning disability) * Adapting your communication for the individual (speak louder, use hand gestures talk slower and clear etc.) * Does the person need an interpreter or family member to be present? * How is the person going to respond to the communication? * Are you invading the individuals personal space * Do you need to write down questions, for the individual to understand better * Are you sure of the facts, that you are communicating 2.3 Demonstrate a range of communication methods and styles to meet individual needs†¦. Service users can have difficulty in their communication these can be: Hearing loss: Hearing impaired people have to concentrate very hard to pick up information. Hearing aids, sign language, lip reading, flash cards, written information and speaking clearly and slowly can help the service user with communication. Loss of sight: Can make a service user disoriented if in a strange place or even time to time in their own home. Spoken communication is increased importance to people with this disability. Trying to keep things in the same place is also important so that the service user can find things when they are on their own and for their independent. Gender differences: Female service users may not want a male carer. Dementia/confusion: A service user with dementia can find even the easiest day to day tasks hard simple clear instructions are required. Dysphasic: service user who have had a stroke may have dysphasic which can make commination very frustrating for them. Cultural differences: some gestures can have different meaning in different cultures. It is best to familiarise yourself with their culture so that you  are able to treat them with respect. Communication and Autism: people with autism have difficulties with both verbal and non-verbal language, and think people mean what they say. They can also find facial expressions, tone of voice, jokes, sarcasm and common phases and sayings difficult to understand. 2.4 Demonstrate how to respond to an individual’s reactions when communicating. Verbal responses e.g. tone, pitch, silence  non-verbal responses e.g. body language, facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, touch Read more:  Demonstrate Strategies That Can Be Used to Clarify Misunderstandings 3. Be able to overcome barriers to communication. 3.1 Explain how people from different backgrounds may and/or interpret communication methods in different ways. We live in society where there is many cultures and communication can be different in these cultures and the same sayings can have different meanings to our own. For example if we use slag the service user may not understand and what is acceptable in our culture may be an insult to another. In some cultures it is unacceptable for a woman to speak unless spoken to. As a social care worker you have to inform yourself of the different cultures of the service user you work with. 3.2 Identify barriers to effective communication. *Their understanding/language differences *Visual/hearing impairment *Relationship *Age *Environment is to loud/noisy *Environment is to cold/hot *Environment is to bright/poorly light *Chairs are to far apart/to close 3.3 Demonstrate ways to overcome barriers to communication. *Adapt communication for the service user’s medical needs *Explain things in simple language in a clear slow voice consider using images if appropriate *Offer the service users glasses or hearing aids if they have them *Maintain a professional friendly approach *Adjust the noise/ light level, room temperature *Move chairs closer or further apart *Do not make assumptions about beliefs, values and culture 3.4 Demonstrate strategies that can be used to clarify misunderstandings. To prevent misunderstandings when communitacting speak slowly and clearly, repeat yourself if nessersarly, write things down. If you are communicating about a passing on bad news then it is best to have someone with you this acts as support for yourself and the severcie user and a witness. When communicationg with a service user with dementia repeat youeself and ans them if they have understood you prompt them verbaly to remind the service user of the content of your communication. 3.5 Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively. *Other colleagues *Supervisor *manager *Local authority – social worker *GP *Family and friends 4 Be able to apply principles and practices relating to confidentiality. 4.1 Explain the meaning of the term confidentiality. Confidentiality is a set of rules or a promise that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information. 4.2 Demonstrate ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication. When a service user is new to the service they will be explained the confidentiality policy after this has been explained to them if you need to share their information about them or something they have told you, you have to ask for their consent to share this with other members of the health and care team. 4.3 Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individual’s confidentiality and disclosing concerns. Confidential information disclosed by a service user may have to be passed on to others, if there is a risk of danger or harm to them or others, if abuse is suspected, or if there is suspected misconduct of a colleague in respect of the service user (whistle-blowing). You must inform and explain to the service user why the information they have told you needs to passed on to others and that it is your responsibility to do so and that it is part of the company’s policies and code of practice. This may cause tension in the relationship between you and the service user may lose trust in you and be upset that you have passed on the information.

Stock Valuation at Ragan Engines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stock Valuation at Ragan Engines - Case Study Example This difference in P/E is not justified given that Ragan has superior earnings and dividends compared to that of the industry i.e. EPS of $ 5.35 vs. $ 1.47 and DPS of $ 2.13 vs. $ 0.47 respectively. Relative valuation of Ragan puts the company’s stock price at $ 65.64 which offers a significant upside from the intrinsic price of $ 38.55. One of the measures that Carrington and Genevieve can employ to increase the price of their shares before selling them to East Coast Yachts is to retain more earnings and invest in the research and development of additional proprietary technology. Investing in appropriate and improved technology will have the effect of reducing production costs for the organization, therefore giving Ragan the opportunity to produce fuel saving engines. Such investment in technology will enable Ragan to increase their profit projections, therefore increasing the value of shares. In addition to that, retaining earnings for investment in more proprietary technology will give Ragan an edge over its competitors. This edge will make investors in the company to develop optimism, therefore ensuring that the prices of the shares maintain a high value. These strategies, however, will not increase the value of their shares when Ragan fails to record improvements after investing in technology. Since there will be no new technology to give the company the competitive edge, the value of the shares will not increase. One issue is that the stock prices of Ragan have been undervalued because it is not listed in the securities exchange market. Ragan has a P/E of 7.21x, while the Industry has a P/E of 12.27x. Ragan posts higher earnings and value per share than the rest of the industry. Upon valuation, Ragan’s stock price is $65.64, compared to the figure provided of $38.85. A solution to this issue lays in the reevaluation the value of Ragan’s stocks in order to provide the true value of the shares. In the short run,

Progress Report For the dissertation (Social Media in the UK) Essay

Progress Report For the dissertation (Social Media in the UK) - Essay Example This is to primarily find out whether there is a relationship/correlation between the social media and VOD bookings in the UK. The research processes include; descriptive research, exploratory research, predictive research, and explanatory research. Explanatory research outlines an explanation of particular phenomenon/happenings while analysing its characteristics through discovery and measurement of causal relationships From the research, the data results indicated that there was a positive correlation between tweets to VOD booking. This leads to the conclusion that Twitter directly influences the VOD bookings. The more a hashtag of a VOD trends on the platform the more the VOD bookings. A hashtag is a way for prople in twitter search for the tweets that have mutual topic. The conclusion of these findings recommends that released VOD to use social media including Facebook Twitter, Google Plus, YouTube, and other platforms to promote their new released videos. Acquisition of these media platforms needs to have a good plan and be in line with the organizations goals. Media literacy has been on the rise and people in the Great Britain have gained knowledge, skills and understanding that enable them to make them most out of the opportunities presented by the new world wide web communication channels (Espley, Carpentier and Medjkoune, 2014). People have also been able to protect themselves and their families as a whole from the risks related to social media such as catfishing and also to manage the contents and communications through the media literacy. Research findings have shown that more adults in the UK, most specifically the older adults are now finding their way online by use of various devices (Gupta, Nicholson and Newman, 2012). Generally, what is observed in a number of organizations is far much less in the way contemporary social media is trifling stuff and more

In Whose Jurisdiction Is the Creation of a Judicial Precedent Assignment

In Whose Jurisdiction Is the Creation of a Judicial Precedent - Assignment Example Delegated legislation refers to laws made by a body or an entity other than the parliament. The body must, however, derive its legislative authority from parliament through an act of parliament known as parent act. An example of a delegated legislation is a set of city bylaws formulated by local authorities. The local authorities are authorized by parliament to make bylaws for regulations in their council’s jurisdictions. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the judicial structure. Its functions include hearing appellate cases from the court of appeal. Its jurisdiction also extends to appeals from the high court and covers both civil and criminal cases. The golden rule is a statutory interpretation rule in which the courts deviate from the literal meaning of words of a statute to ensure that the interpretation of the statute is reasonable and consistent. The case of Lewis v Hilaire et al 1970 15 WIR 192 is an example of an application of the golden rule. A directive is an order from an international body to its member countries requiring the members to adjust their domestic laws. Working time directive is an example of a directive from the European Union. Advantages and disadvantages of lawmaking through Westminster parliament. Legislations made through the Westminster parliament, the parliamentary system that exists in Britain has a number of advantages. The parliament’s House of Commons is composed of elected members from all parts of the country, a feature that makes its legislative process representative of the people’s opinions. This makes parliamentary legislation a democratic process because it gives people an opportunity to making lawmaking. The sources of parliamentary legislation, which include bills from members of parliament also mean that citizens have an avenue of instituting legislations through their members of parliament in private member bills. Similarly, citizen’s opinions can be used to draft ‘government-sponsored’ bills. Parliamentary legislation is, therefore, a democratic process.

Learning to look Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning to look - Essay Example The advertisement’s visuals also lead to an immediate and powerful response emotionally, particularly because of the picture of a vintage car with nothing else in the background. This pulls the attention of the viewer, especially those who were children during the generation when the car was released. Anyone who loves the VW van has an immediate feeling of remembrance and nostalgia, especially for people whose parents were owners of the VW van. It is possible to see the number of seats in the car, which gives a feeling of spaciousness. The caption below the advert that states that it is unusual to drive the car you were conceived in is written in bold, pulling the consumer’s attention and seeks to add on to the vintage feel of the car, as well as its nostalgia. Finally, the ad allows the viewer to see its interior, which could evoke memories of childhood with one’s brothers and sisters playing in the backseat. While this advertisement acts as a fine example of how advertising can be effective, it is somewhat reliant on the viewer and the knowledge that he/she has of the car. The particular car in the advert, the VW van, was and still is a symbol for those living in the 60s. During this period, people preferred to paint and color their cars with flowers and psychedelic colors. It was also during this period, in the aftermath of WWII, that most people meant for their cars to represent love and harmony. This message, however, also translated into the sexual liberation movement, which can be seen with the caption below the ad that alludes to this sexual revolution. The VW van captures an iconic brand from a nostalgic period, which, it seems, VW was keen to utilize in that particular form in the advert in order to make sure that a specific pop culture aspect was able to stand time’s test. The advertisement is minimalistic,

Ethics Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics Case Study - Essay Example In general, the LPN has less training and less education requirements than the RN. In any office, it is the RN who is able to sign prescriptions and administer medication to patients. The LPN is under the supervision of an RN and therefore cannot dispense medication or prescriptions without the okay from the RN. In this situation, Jerry McCall does not know this patient and therefore does not know the dosage that the doctor has given him in the past. Also, the patient could be lying so McCall should look at the individuals chart before doing anything. What Jerry should do in this situation is tell the patient that he will talk to the doctor about it and see what he can do. He cannot take the word of the patient that the doctor has given him Valium in the past. Jerry can tell the patient that the doctor is currently out, but he will page him and ask him about the prescription. It does not matter whether the patient needs medication for high blood pressure because the point is that the LPN must always have a doctor or an RN sign off on their work. If Jerry were to call in the refill and something happens to the patient, he is not protected from a lawsuit because he went beyond his scope of practice if he calls in the medication. The doctor that he works for would be in the most trouble under the doctrine of respondent superior. In terms of ethical and legal issues, Jerry must first think about the oath of "do no harm." If he were to prescribe the Valium, and something should happen to the patient or the medication should have an adverse affect, his boss would be the most liable in the situation. However, Jerry has acted under his own will if he gives the medication and legally, he was not able to dispense this medication on his own, which means he could lose his license to practice. Depending on the state that the individual is practicing in, they may have more legal responsibilities in this case. Ethically, Jerry is bound by whatever training he had and the

Dual-career families Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dual-career families - Essay Example , couples in a dual-career relationship have jobs that require a high degree of commitment and effectively the developmental nature of the professions these couples engage in is high. In effect, such couples pursue careers while still performing their main roles in parenting. These relationships have certain characteristics such as economic rewards for the couples and ultimately to the family. In addition, the family derives an added social prestige when both parents are working. Furthermore, a personal investment on the part of both partners is evident when they commit their time and energy to their careers. However, the commitment of time and energy can influence the relationship of the couples within the family setup. Hamner & Turner (2000) noted that, many working couples with children experienced conflicts in their work and family relationships effectively influencing their performance and creating stress at both work and in the family. Such conflicts influenced greatly on the children’s behavior. In this regard, one big issue in dual-career families concerns absentee parents. As such, house helps, who at most instances lack the basic knowledge in parentage, have the biggest responsibility on children. On the other hand, commitment to work drains the energy out of the parents once they reach home and eventually fail to spend quality time with their children. Effectively, children will pick behavior, at times undesirable, from other people since the parents are not monitoring their children progress closely as should be the case. Faced with such challenges, there are various ways that dual-career families can overcome them. According to Hester & Dickerson (1984), different programs devised by extension personnel are essential in training couples on ways of improving their relationship. Such programs establish unique responsibilities in each relationship advising each couple on the best way to parent their children while both juggle with their careers,

658 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

658 - Essay Example e main reason why there is a difficulty in the United States educational reform is because the reforms have failed in changing the conditions of learning and teaching for the teachers and students (Elmore, 2004). He adds that the failure has been caused by lack of establishment of accountability frameworks, lack of support for teachers in analyzing their practices and lack of continuous learning across and within schools. The chapter is relevant to the district roles in supporting and leading reforms in the system-wide education. Elmore mentions several times that most education reforms fail to get their teaching instructional core. He demonstrates that the legislation of â€Å"No Child Left Behind† brings more pressure on reform, but does not bring focus that would be essential for classroom reforms. He also has a compelling argument regarding internal accountability as a core factor that promotes external accountability (Elmore, 2004). Therefore, it means that for the occurrence of internal accountability, there must be necessary capacities such as the focus of workload complexity, school reforms, community and parent relationships and finally student and school

Non-Art in Popular Culture Essay Example for Free

Non-Art in Popular Culture Essay When discussing art in popular culture there are very few boundaries to adhere to. Almost any form of media can be considered as art. But not all works are good examples of art and there are several determining factors that help to decide on the artistic quality of a piece. This essay will discuss in response to the above quote the identifiable characteristics of what could be considered art in contemporary pop culture. It will deconstruct the some of the most prominent types of art in popular culture including street art, music video and advertisements or commercial art. And under which circumstances are they considered to be art whether this is the intention of the piece, or the creative process that surrounds it or simply the aesthetic values that it holds. It will also discuss if works produced solely for commercial propaganda are still considered art. And if the artistic values of the work are influenced on the environment in which it resides. These three determining factors will help distinguish between art and non art in contemporary pop culture. Art in popular culture varies widely in a range of creative forms and media. Popular culture or ‘pop’ culture has a heavy influence on much of the works that are created by artists today. (Gibbons, 2005, p. 1) These include all forms of street and public art including graffiti and stencil art that often make statements on pop culture. And also in a more formal environment including galleries and art museums where there is a large array of contemporary works which reflect on these elements of consumerism. There are numerous well recognised artists that have concentrated much of their practice on consumerism and culture. Andy Warhol, is a founder in bringing consumerism to the high art scene in the 1960’s (Livingstone 1992), something that had not being done before. A more recent take on this concept is Takashi Murakami and the art movement ‘Super Flat’ which concentrates on Japanese pop culture and particularly anime and manga. (n. a 2009 Superflat art) Art is not only influenced by popular culture but it makes up a large part of influential media for popular culture. This form of art can be recognised directly in advertising, music, music videos, cartoons and any other form of media that creatively puts forth a message, more often that not for commercial propaganda. This is not always the case but this lower form of more accessible art is completely open to the public because it is not hemmed in by the confines or laws of the gallery system or the museum. (Stowers 1997) And it quite often forced into peoples lives, by occurring in a public space society are forced into viewing these creative works that promote popular culture through advertisements billboards television radio and generally in any public space just as they are exposed to graffiti art and vandalism. More often than not the environment in which the artwork resides in impacts the values that people give the piece but this is not the only thing that should be considered when depicting the piece as several factors impact the merit of the work. These can include the creative process involved, the purpose of the work and the aesthetic values of the final piece. (Johnstone 2006) The creative process that is involved in creating an art piece may have huge effects on the final outcome. In some cases it’s the process that is the work, in others cases it can be just important in developing the meanings and values behind the work and also some pieces may not be understood fully until the intentional processes are understood. The creative process has being described in four steps these are Preparation, Incubation, Illumination and Implementation. (Charlie, 2008) Going through this four step process is not always occur consciously but has an impact on the outcomes. (Konradsson 1999) Pieces that do not have a creative intention or process behind them can be severely limited in creative outcome and therefore have limited merit as art. In this case it severely relies on the aesthetic values that other people then place on the work. And if it has little appeal in terms of colour, line, balance, rhythm and other principles and elements and no creative meaning then is generally not considered to be art. The purpose of the work can also impact the process of how a piece is created. Depending on whether it is for commercial use or purely artistic intentions there can be a lengthy design process which is very calculated in terms of design. The final impact the work is strongly controlled through the elements and principles of design. This is generally used in commercial art such as illustration, graphic design, and advertising and communication media. All these forms of creative work hold artistic value but are not necessarily considered art to the general public as it is not presented as art but takes on a different primary form, advertising. (Gibbons 2005) This is a similar concept as street art or graffiti as it generally seen as a form of vandalism and can be considered as an eyesore. Though people are more likely to see graffiti for its artistic values and intentions as it dose not generally hold the same connotation as advertising. The reasons and values for why one might engage in graffiti art are as varied as the artists who produce it. A chief reason is the â€Å"prospect of fame and recognition of ones artistic talent. Graffiti is also a form of self expression. The art as writing is a creative method of communicating with other writers and the general public. † (Stowers 1997) What it communicates is the artists identity, expression, and ideas like all other art forms but is forced into the public eye unlike art in a gallery. Graffiti is fast becoming popular as a preferred art form of many contemporary artists and hold the same fundamental artistic intentions as any other art form. As art we see in galleries have purely the intentions of being art we are more likely to consider that it is art. (Hester 2007) And we find some way of connecting to it via feeling and aesthetic value or the appreciation of the process. The placement of a piece in relation to its surroundings also impacts on the effect it has for example seeing an advertising piece in a gallery we would assume it to be art and created to make a statement about advertising. Where as if it were to be place on a billboard we would consider the primary reason is the promotion of a particular product. It is very difficult to define what art is exactly. According to many artistic directors and critics there is not one single definition of art. Art historian Robert Rosenblum believes that the idea of defining art is so  remote [today] that he doesnt think anyone would dare to do it. (Witcombe n. d)And that more or less anything can be considered as art. † (Witcombe n. d) Goldmans aesthetic theory (2005, 345) is of use to clarify the problem of location and presentation in relation to graffiti art. Goldman ( 2005, 346) claims that ‘art takes us to other worlds in a manner that is quite fulfilling sensually and aesthetically’ The are many determining factors that help us see the artistic values in works how we as individuals read and interpret these through out the work is a matter of pure personal opinion. Some personal factors that establish our opinions on creative works are our knowledge and understanding of art or a piece in particular, likes and dislikes and how we relate to the piece. This combined with the values of the piece that include; the process, the intention, the environment in which it is placed and the visual aesthetic values of the work determine how we personally consider the impact of the work. Many people consider art as something appealing to the eye or ear but much of contemporary art is not like this and a greater understanding of the work is needed to gain an insight to the values is holds. (n. a. 2009) For most people when art becomes hard or impossible to understand right away we tend to question its merit. This is particularly the case for graffiti as some may argue (Stowers 1997) even when it is in a gallery environment it is too hard to understand, though this should not be a determining factor to deciding whether is considered art as many art work considers deeper intrinsic values. Most of the opposition to graffiti art is due to ‘its location and bold, unexpected, and unconventional presentation,’ (Stowers 1997) but its presentation and often illegal location does not necessarily disqualify it as art either. The major determining factor is the creative value â€Å"the ability to produce complicated pieces is what separates the tagger from the graffiti artist; graffitist for short. Taggers scribble and graffitists do art. † (Stowers 1997) So as we can see there are many different forms of art in contemporary pop culture including those that are influenced by pop culture and those that influence pop culture. These can be all forms of Digital Media, advertising, illustration and music as well as art we see in galleries and street art. Not all have the primary purpose of being art but all hold artistic and creative values that can be seen through the process the intention the aesthetic qualities and the surrounding of the work. Some seem to have the primary purpose of being only art while others are created for commercial propaganda. While the pieces that are generally considered art by the public, have a better aesthetic quality and are initially easier to understand there can not be any set connotations as to what it to be determined as art or non art. And that it is purely what importance, feelings and values the individual viewing the work sees. Reference List Charlie, 2008. Demystifying the Creative Process http://www. productiveflourishing. com/demystifying-the-creative-process/ (accessed 28/04/2010) Gibbons,J. 2005 Art and Advertising. P. 1-12 New York: I. B Tauris co Ltd Goldman, A. 2005. Aesthetic Qualities and Aesthetic Value . in Aesthetics critical concept in philosophy J. O Young, p. 345-349 Oxon: Routledge. Hester, N 2007. Low and High: What is Art Anyhow  http://www.monstersandcritics.com/

Oral Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Meningioma

Oral Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Meningioma Abstract: Oral contraceptive use is a suspected risk factor for the development of a meningioma. This is supported by meningiomas being more common in females than males, the growth of meningiomas being affected by the menstrual cycle and the presence of estrogen, progestogen and androgen receptors on meningiomas. Some previous studies indicate an association between current use of oral contraceptives and the development of a meningioma, but most studies do not show an effect and are of low power to show an association. This case-control study aims to find out if there is an association between current or ever use of an oral contraceptive and developing a meningioma in pre-menopausal females. It also aims to look if this risk differs with hormone type. It does so by comparing cases in the three states of Eastern Australia of women aged between 16 and 45 who require surgical resection or biopsy of their meningioma with population-based controls. Aims: To prove that the use of an oral contraceptive pill is a risk factor for developing a meningioma in pre-menopausal women in Australia. To determine whether the risk of a meningioma that is associated with taking oral contraceptives differs by current use, ever use and type of oral contraceptive. Background: Current oral contraceptive use is suspected to increase the risk of meningioma, but more studies need to be done in order to confirm this association. (1) The most recent study found no increase in risk with ever use of oral contraceptives, but found an increased risk in current users of an oral contraceptive with an OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.9 in pre-menopausal women. (1) This result is statistically significant at the 5% level. The study was a case-control study which is appropriate as the outcome is rare and the exposure is common. The results from this study are limited from the fact that they only had 87 cases for pre-menopausal women who were using oral contraceptives, but since such a small sample size did pick up an association it makes it more likely to be a true association. This study had a wide variety of exposures they were looking for and so the statistically significant results that they did publish may have been due to chance from looking at so many possibilities. In regards to selection bias in this study the controls were selected by random digit dialling so this would have resulted in people who do not have access to a telephone from being excluded from the study. Controls did end up being more likely to be white, have 16 or more years of schooling and a salary greater than $75,000. If people with these characteristics are more likely to be taking oral contraceptives then it would have resu lted in an underestimation of risk, but this was minimised through adjustment in the analysis. Also only 65% of patients and 52% of controls participated in the studyso if the ones who participated were more or less likely to have taken an oral contraceptive it would have an effect on the relative risk. They did compare the people who participated and those who did not with the known confounders of age and residence and only the control groups differed by age with those who participated being more likely to be old. If the older people were more likely to be taking oral contraceptives it may have affected the results, but this was adjusted for in the analysis to minimise the effect. There is no mention of whether the researchers who administered the interview were blinded so if they were expecting an increased association between oral contraceptives and meningiomas they may have been more likely to find one. In terms of the generalizability of the results it was a multi-centerstudy a nd could be generalizable to the rest of the population in the United States. If different countries had different incidences of certain receptor subtypes of meningiomas then the relative risk may be affected so care should be taken in generalizing the results out of the country. The results cannot be generalised to the less serious meningiomas which do not need surgery as this study did not include them. Another study by Michaud D.S.et al.(2010) found an OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.75–7.46 comparing current users of the oral contraceptive to never users. (2) This was in a large prospective cohort study called the EPIC cohort study. One flaw in this study was the possibility of diagnostic bias if the users of oral contraceptives were more likely to be investigated and diagnosed with a meningioma which would have increased the association. A strength of this study is the objective measuring of exposure status. They also identified a dose-response trend in pre-menopausal women using an oral contraceptive (HR [95% CI]: 1.21 [0.36-4.06], 1.55 [0.53-4.56], 2.97 [1.08-8.15], 3.22 [1.04-10.0], 3.60 [1.00-13.0] for 1 5-10-15 years of use, respectively, p-trend = 0.01). (2) There have been a few other studies, but none have found a statistically significant risk. (3,4,5) These case-control and cohort studies all have a relatively small number of cases and therefore low power to pick up a true ass ociation. In the case-control trials recall bias is difficult to rule out as well as selecting a suitable population that resembles the cases. Furthermore only one of these looked for an association in those on current oral contraceptive use. This calls for a larger study with more power which can pick up an association even if it is quite small. There are a few findings that point towards a possible association between meningiomas and certain hormones. One of these is the fact that meningiomas are more common in females than males, especially in their reproductive years. (6) Another study has found oestrogen, progestogen and androgen receptors associated with some meningiomas. (7) An older study as well as a more recent case reports indicated that meningiomas become more symptomatic with changes in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. (8,9) These all point towards a possible association between estrogen or progestogen and meningiomas therefore it is an important area to research in order to expand knowledge on this common type of brain tumor. Study Design: The type of study design required to answer the aims is a case-control study. As developing a meningioma is a rare outcome, especially in the age group this study is based in, and the exposure of current use of an oral contraceptive is common this makes a case-control study the most efficient way to study this association. Compared to a cohort study they are rapid and cost-effective as cohort studiesrequirea very large population and a long follow-up period to have enough power to detect an association. A randomised control trial would be more likely to have the results not affected by confounding, but the study would be unethical. This study must be based overseas in order to increase the number of cases per year. All Australian states and territories have mandatory reporting of all cancers which will allowthe identification of cases. (10) The incidence of meningioma in Australia is approximately 1.1 to 1.8 cases per 100,000 person years with a 2.6:1 female to male ratio. (6) For this reason and the fact that the incidence is less frequent in a younger population it requires a multi-centre approach and an extended study period are needed in order to have a sufficient number of cases. The source population will beall females between the ages of 16 and 45 in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland and cases will be drawn from the cancer registry as they become available. The control group will be population-based and selected from the census. In order to determine the sample size needed for this study the biostatistician will be informed that the study needs to have a large enough power to pick up a 10% increas ed risk. The result should be statistically significant at 5%. The biostatistician needs to know the expected incidence of the meningiomas in these territories and the proportion of people expected to be using the two types of oral contraceptives. This can be found through state-specific trends or may use the mean and standard deviation from previous years’ data. The number of cases this study requires will determine how long the study will run for. In order to minimise selection bias the criteria for each of the groups needs to be strictly defined. The case criteria is a meningioma of grade I, II or III according to histological diagnosis by a pathologist. The exposure of current use of an oral contraceptive is defined as taking any oral contraceptive for at least 3 months previous to the diagnosis or in the case of controls 3 months before entry into the study. The exposure status of ever use of an oral contraceptive is defined as if the participant ever taking a single oral contraceptive pill. The population from which the cases arise from are all women between the ages of 16 and 45 in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. People will be excluded from the study if they do not speak English, if they have had a previous meningioma, if they have had a brain tumor of unknown pathology, if they have a diagnosed mental health condition, if they have had breast cancer and if they are from a different state or out of the country. Controls will be selected randomly and matched in terms of age, ethnicity, area of residence and socioeconomic status which are all factors that could potentially confound the relationship due to affecting the exposure and the outcome, but not being on the causal pathway between the two. A total of 4 controls will be obtained per case due to the abundance of controls and the relatively small effect of adding any more controls. The cases and controls will be contacted for participation in the study through mail and if they accept to be in the study a survey will be sent that includes questions related to the confounding factors and the exposure including questions for those who have ever used an oral contraceptive for what duration and which type of oral contraceptive. Information about other possible confounding factors such as smoking status and alcohol use will also be collected. In order to make it more likely that the study participants are representative of the population the variables that are matched for in each group and the rates of smoking and alcohol use will be compared to the rates in the whole population. These variables will also be compared to those people who dropped out of the study when possible to aid in identifying a systematic difference between those who participated and those who did not. To give an improved chance of patient participation a second survey will be sent to the patient s if they do not respond within 2 weeks. If the participants are interviewed then the interviewer will have a priori knowledge of the group the participant is associated with and might bias the results towards a significant result. In order to minimise information bias the cases and controls should be blinded in regards to the aim of the study. To aid in achieving this, the survey sent out to the participants will include questions in regards to other medicines and lifestyle factors such as smoking and drinking. This will prevent the study participants from falsifying their exposure status to agree with what the study is trying to find out and hence would falsely increase the negative risk. One of the largest problems in case control studies is recall bias. To help minimise it a pamphlet with the type of oral contraceptives and what they look like will be included. Everyone in the study gets the same survey and the diagnostic criteria for meningioma are the same in all centres in Australia so information bias from this is unlikely. There also needs to be timely addition of the cases into the cancer registry, otherwise the study will mainly look at the meningioma cases with longer survival. If oral contraceptive s are more likely to cause a meningioma with a worse prognosis then the risk will be lower than it actually is. The results from the study will be presented as: The odds ratio reported would be after analysis to take into account that the cases each had 4 individually matched controls. The adjusted OR takes into account that smoking status and alcohol use may be confounders. This study is ethically sound. It is observational so there is no intervention for the patient. It is also optional and provides no advantage or disadvantage for those participating. Confidentiality will be maintained as only study researchers will have access to the data and none of the data reported in the study will be able to be linked to a specific patient. The study is feasible, but depends on the sample size that is required. In terms of cost there are no biological tests that need to be performed as all information required is obtained through a survey. The cost of mailing out the surveys and paying staff to collect the information and analyse the data must be considered and budgeted accordingly. One of the advantages of case control studies is looking at multiple exposures hence including other exposures that are of interestcould increase the value of the study and make it more cost-efficient. Implications: There are many benefits to this study. As oral contraceptives are already known to increase the risk of other cancers like breast and cervical cancer, if a causal relationship is found with meningioma, this is another cancer risk that patients must be informed before taking the oral contraceptive. (11) When oral contraceptives will be linked to meningioma, prescribing patterns for those patients who are already at an increased risk for example if they had previous radiation exposure must change. Also patients who have had a previous diagnosis of meningioma would need to strongly consider avoiding taking any oral contraception. These patients would need to find alternate treatment or alternate methods of contraception. If there is an association in the combined oral contraceptive and not the progestogen oral contraceptive this can be recommended to those at risk of developing a meningioma. Another use for determining if there is an associated risk would be through finding treatments o r cures for meningiomas. If estrogen or progestogenis found to be related to the development of meningiomas further studies could find a pathway that causes this increased risk and treatments focused on disrupting this pathway may be effective. References: Claus EB, Calvocoressi L, Bondy ML, Wrensch M, Wiemels JL, Schildkraut JM. Exogenous hormone use, reproductive factors, and risk of intracranial meningioma in females. Journal of neurosurgery. 2013;118(3):649-56. Michaud DS, Gallo V, Schlehofer B, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, et al. Reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use in relation to risk of glioma and meningioma in a large European cohort study. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2010;19(10):2562-9. Benson VS, Pirie K, Green J, Casabonne D, Beral V. Lifestyle factors and primary glioma and meningioma tumours in the Million Women Study cohort. Br J Cancer. 2008;99:185–190 Hatch EE, Linet MS, Zhang J, Fine HA, Shapiro WR, Selker RG, et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of brain tumors in adult females. Int J Cancer. 2005;114:797–805 Johnson DR, Olson JE, Vierkant RA, Hammack JE, Wang AH, Folsom AR, et al. Risk factors for meningioma in postmenopausal women: results from the Iowa Women’s Health Study. NeuroOncol. 2011;13:1011–1019 Dobes M, Khurana VG, Shadbolt B, Jain S, Smith SF, Smee R, et al. Increasing incidence of glioblastomamultiforme and meningioma, and decreasing incidence of Schwannoma (2000-2008): Findings of a multicenter Australian study. Surgical neurology international. 2011;2:176 Schnegg JF, Gomez F, LeMarchand-Beraud T, de Tribolet N. Presence of sex steroid hormone receptors in meningioma tissue. Surgical neurology. 1981;15(6):415-8. Bickerstaff ER, Small JM, Guest IA. The relapsing course of certain meningiomas in relation to pregnancy and menstruation. J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry. Cushing H, Eisenhardt L: Meningiomas: Their Classification, Regional Behavior, Life History, and Surgical End Results. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, 1938, 785 pp Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2013) Cancer Registration in Australia, Available at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/cancer-registration-in-australia/ (Accessed: 6th April 2014). Burkman R, Schlesselman JJ, Zieman M. Safety concerns and health benefits associated with oral contraception. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004; 190(4 Suppl):S5–22.

Essay --

World War II was perhaps the most destructive war to plague the earth. The war took an unfathomable amount of lives some 17 million soldiers and a countless number of innocent civilians who died as a result of starvation and bombings, or Hitler's deliberate campaigns of mass murder through concentration camps. World War I helped to create some of the conditions that lead to the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles was a peace agreement that was signed and took away the Central Powers of territory and arms from Germany, Austria, Turkey, Hungary, and Bulgaria. This left them with very heavy wartime reparations that needed to be paid, causing much bitterness. The war took a heavy toll on European economies and also helped with the unfortunate coming of the Great Depression. The Treaty also disappointed both Italy and Japan as Victors of the war. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, set the stage for the United States entrance into the war. The surprise attack on the United States Navy by Japanese forces was intended as a preventative action in order to keep the US Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Almost at the same time, Japanese warplanes attack the Philippines and two U.S. islands: Wake and Guam, which are later occupied. Japanese troops invade Malaya and Thailand and seize Shanghai. Later in December Japanese troops invade Burma and Hong Kong. The United States declared war on Japan the following day, December 8, 1941. Japan entered into a war against the two most powerful navies in the world, the United States and Britain. Three da... ... a base for an expected invasion of Japan. US forces win in July and the US liberates Manila, Philippines after deadly and fierce street battles. Back over in Europe, US troops successfully cross the Rhine River and the Air Force use about 1,250 planes to lead the heaviest air raid against Berlin. The War in Europe is winding down and by April of 1945, the leader of Germany, Adolf Hitler, commits suicide, and by May, Germany surrenders. The United States is still at war with Japan and so on August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima and the second on August 9, 1945 on Nagasaki, killing well over 100, 000 people and causing the Japanese to surrender on August 14, 1945. The war ushered in the atomic age and was quickly followed by the collapse of the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Cold War.

Evaluating Change and Management of Organizational Change at A&B Smart

Introduction In today’s fast growing global business environment, change is needed to keep up with competition, for innovation of products and services, for meeting global needs in business. The Group choose A&B smart industries to discuss and evaluate change and issues and most importantly management of organizational change. Research Objective: -To identify the issue of organizational change -How OCM strategy will facilitate the company -Appropriate recommendation on how management could improve their response to the opportunities and threats associated with organizational change. Company Background: A&B smart industries established in 1998, it is the only screw rivet producer in Bangladesh. It is a manufacturing company making fasteners screws nails rivets clams etc Overview: Fasteners are screws, bolts rivets, nuts, washers, and pins etc. These are needed to assemble doors vehicle, machine, equipments even toys. From the most complicated space missile to simple children’s toys. Fasteners are usually needed in large quantities. Because fasteners are highly standardized and are used in such incredible numbers, the markets for these are getting highly industrialized. Fastening industries are flourishing very fast in Bangladesh, one of the flourishing fastening industries is A&B Smart industry, and it is trying to keep up with competitors. Their biggest competitors are Chinese companies which used to export fasteners to Bangladesh. At this competitive environment A&B smart industries seeking a organizational change to innovate and reinvent the system. Organizational Change What is organization change? Organization change is when businesses makes needed cha... ...anagement. 1 Edition. Kogan Page. Ian Palmer, 2008. Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Perspectives Approach. 2 Edition. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Esther Cameron, 2004. Making Sense of Change Management: A Complete Guide to the Models, Tools and Techniques of Organizational Change Management. Edition. Kogan Page Business Books. Joe Tidd, 2005. Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change. 3 Edition. Wiley. Michael Beitler, 2006. Strategic Organizational Change, Second Edition. 2 Edition. Practitioner Press International. John P. Kotter, 1986. The General Managers. 1 Edition. Free Press. Types of Organizational Change . 2014. Types of Organizational Change . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/principles-of-management/managing-change/types-of-organizational-change. [Accessed 19 April 2014].

Organized Religion :: essays research papers

ORGANIZED RELIGION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the movie As Good As It Gets, No one in the movie makes a direct reference to God. This is a little odd because all Melvin, Carol, and Simon are all going through very hard times in their life, and at no point in the movie does one of them ask God for help or anything like that. The reason this is odd is because, normally, when a person is going through a very hard time in their life they will ask God for help and will promise something in return, but not these three people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason for them to not ask is because they think that they do not need any help and can get through everything by themselves. This is shown very blatantly at two points in the movie. The first time is when Carol has just gotten help from a doctor that Melvin got to take care of her son, Spencer Connelly. After Dr. Green has left and Carol is talking to Beverly Connelly, her mother, they get into an argument about because Carol does not want this help because she says that doing this lets a â€Å"crazy man† into their life. But Beverly yells back saying that this isn’t something you can send back. When Carol tries to refuse the help from Melvin, this shows that she does not want the help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second time this is shown is when Melvin, Carol, and Simon go to see Simon’s parents so Simon can get some money. He needs the money because he was attacked by some men that were robbing him, and when this happened he started to lose everything he had. But when Simon is at the hotel the night that Carol and Melvin go out to eat he calls his parents wanting to talk and let them know he is in town and wants to see them so he could maybe get some money from them so he has enough to get him started again. They do not answer the phone and he just leaves a message, but when he calls the next morning after having a revelation while sketching pictures of Carol, his mother answers the phone and asks if he needs anything or any help.

Data Analysis for Business Decisions Essay

1. Introduction: destination marketing Honeymoon Destinations is a business that produces video footage that contains resort-specific and region-specific footage regarding the most popular honeymoon destination resorts including: Hawaiian Islands, Caribbean Islands, Mexico and Florida. The marketing of destinations serve to guide newlyweds by means of capturing videos –including rating each resort based on the most important characteristics such as view, cost and accommodations. These footages attempt to generate an attractive, fascinating and informative product on what the newlyweds can expect on their â€Å"once in a lifetime† expedition. (Parry, Mark, 1999) 2. Honeymoon Destinations Market: Studies have indicated that in the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the amount that newlyweds spent on weddings and in the average age of first time brides and grooms. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ findings conclude that in the year 1967, the average age is 23.8 and 21.6 for men and women, respectively. However, the average age has increased to 26.4 and 24.5 for men and woman, respectively in the year 1987. This indicates that because first-time brides and grooms are postponing their weddings, they may more financial resources to spend more on honeymoon expenditures down the line. (Parry, Mark, 1999) 3. Data Analysis: Honeymoon Destinations has developed and administered a marketing feasibility study in order to investigate the impending demand for honeymoon destination videos. A survey has been mailed to 260 recent bridal fair participants in the area. Out of the 260 prospective participants, 91 have successfully submitted a response—with a calculated response rate of 35%. In order to understand the complexity of honeymoon destination marketing by means of video footage to newlyweds, this report attempts to analyze, calculate and investigate various data techniques for business decisions in the area of strategic marketing and management of honeymoon destinations. Additionally, this paper is based on data analysis research pertaining to the honeymoon destination direct mail survey where comprehensive frameworks have been tested and implemented— discussing a broad range of destination marketing channels, sources and references for the company to further improve current and future busi ness decisions in the honeymoon destination marketing industry. (Parry, Mark, 1999) First Case Scenario: The analysis has focused on the company’s marketing and distribution to as few as channels as possible. Additionally, the report has analyzed what the very best channels would be based on what the data indicates. The survey question reads â€Å"From what source would you be likely to purchase the video?† The sources (distribution channels) have been investigated as to look at what sources people utilized to purchase the honeymoon destination video. The descriptive analysis has calculated the count (number) of total recipients who responded—which was measured at 91—and the mode (frequency) of the 91 recipients who responded with a 1 (check) or a 0 (no check) and has calculated the count (number) of recipients. In this section, the table and graph above contains the percentage of respondents who stated that they could be likely to purchase a video from a particular source. The sum amount of responses for variables 45-52 have been divided by the total (count) of the low income group (income level of $25,000-$69,000 and high income group (income level of $70,000-92,000). For instance, using the source Bridal Shops—the sum of this particular variable is calculated at 19. The sum is then divided by the total count of the low income group, which is calculated at 0.35 or 35%. Using the same source, the sum of this particular variable is calculated at 10. The sum of 10 is then divided by the total count of the high-income group, which is calculated at 0.28 or 28%. The data findings indicate that both the low-income and high-income group is less likely to purchase a video from the Bridal Shop source. Another source that would both groups would not be likely to purchase a video from is the Video Rental Store—the data is calculated at 18% and 25% for low-income and high-income groups, respectively. (Parry, Mark, 1999) (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., Murphree, Emily S.,2011) Proposal and Recommendations for Scenario One: As a result of implementing descriptive statistics analysis and creating an appropriate graph and tabular representation, the findings conclude that the most popular channel types to purchase videos are from: 1. Bridal magazines: which was calculated that 75% of people in the lower income bracket and 82% of people in the higher income bracket. For this particular channel, people with higher income would be most likely to purchase videos from Bridal Magazines than people with lower income. 2. Travel Magazines: which was calculated that 77.8% of people in the lower income bracket and 82% of people in the higher income bracket. For this particular channel, findings conclude that there is very little difference in the type of income group that would purchase videos from the travel magazines. Honeymoon Destinations should focus more attention on using Travel Magazines and Bridal Magazines as the most effective marketing and distribution channels for advertizing honeymoon video footage to newlyweds—for both the low-income and high-income groups. When it comes to investing in a honeymoon getaway, the travel possibilities can be endless; however the choices and the decision may leave the couples feeling confused and undecided. (Parry, Mark, 1999) This leads an important question— who is primarily responsible for researching a possible honeymoon resort and who makes the decision in selecting the most preferred destination—the bride, groom or both? As indicated in the above graph, the bride takes primary responsibility in researching possible honeymoon getaways measured at 76.9% of the time, 11 % for grooms and 12.1% of the time both take equal responsibility in looking for honeymoon resorts. However, 82.4% of the time both couples share equal responsibility on making the actual decision on a honeymoon destination, whereas a mere 8.8% for brides and 8.8% of grooms take primary responsibility in making a decision. With the stress that unavoidably accompanies wedding planning, Honeymoon Destinations can utilize Bridal Magazines and Travel Magazines as its best marketing and distribution sources to further assist couples in researching and deciding on the perfect destination and itinerary–as a result, the couples can enjoy their once in a lifetime getaway. [ (Parry, Mark, 1999) ] Second Case Scenario: For this particular case scenario, it is believed that the individuals in the target group— Individuals with higher incomes—is more willing to spend at least $15.00 on the Honeymoon Destinations Video. This report tests this hypothesis. The analysis only observed individuals with higher incomes (upper half of the sample; $70,000 or more). A z test could not be measured because it requires knowing more information than what was available in the survey analysis. A z-test requires knowing the value of a population standard deviation (sigma) to be able to compute the standard error of the estimate. In most instances, this is rarely known—such in this case. The data calculated the standard deviation of the sampling distribution (measured at 3.852848874). As a result a one-sample, one-sided t-Test was employed for the sample higher-income group (variable 53) because the population standard deviation was not available in a sample of 91 participants in the direct-mail survey; the sample standard deviation was utilized as an estimate for testing purposes. (See descriptive and statistical analysis below) (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., & Murphree, Emily S., 2011) Utilizing the one-sample, one-sided t-Test. the test statistic is t = 20.41606. 4. The P value of 0.00001 has been calculated for the possible test condition and compared it to the alpha level of 0.05. Therefore, the P value has determined to reject the null hypothesis. 5. Conclusion: We can observe that 20.41606 > 0.00001 in a one tail test (upper); thus the absolute value of our test statistic is greater than the associated p-value and is in the rejection region (and p-value has determined to reject the null hypothesis). Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Therefore, the data analysis findings can statistically conclude that the sample provides enough evidence that the average amount the high-income group will be willing to spend is more than $15 for the Honeymoon Destinations Video. If the alpha was measured at .01 and .10 with the P –value still at 0.00001, the null hypothesis would still be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., & Murphree, Emily S., 2011) Third Case Scenario: For the last case scenario, the analysis report is more interested in developing an estimate for what the average individual would be willing to pay rather than computing a hypothesis testing. Therefore, 95% confidence intervals have been developed for the average price individuals would be willing to pay: one for the lower-income group and one for the higher-income group. Dividing variable 54 into a low-income group and high-income group and also dividing Variable 53 (Amount willing to pay to purchase Honeymoon Destinations Video)—producing the below descriptive analysis of the sample average, standard deviation and sample size for the low and high income groups. The population standard deviation is not known, therefore, the sample standard deviation for low-income and high-income groups is estimated which is calculated at 6.876349 and 3.852849, respectively—utilizing variable 53. (Parry, Mark, 1999) (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., Murphree, Emily S., 2011) The sample size (n) of 55 for low-income group measures the sample average amount willing to pay for the video is $8.89 (rounded up). The sample standard deviation is calculated at 6.876349. A 95% confidence interval has been developed for the average price the low-income group is willing to pay for the video at $8.89. The findings indicate that the confidence interval is 7.03 for the lower limit and 10.75 for the higher limit of amount willing to pay for the video, respectively. The margin of error of 1.86 (the degree of accuracy in the analysis) is the t-multiple of 2.005 times the standard error of the estimation at 0.93 which indicates how far the confidence level would extend on each some of the point estimate. Conversely, the sample size (n) of 36 for high-income group measures the sample average amount willing to pay for the video is $28.11 (rounded up). The sample standard deviation is calculated at 3.852849. A 95% confidence interval has been developed for the average price the high-income group is willing to pay for the video at $28.11. The findings indicate that the confidence interval is $26.81 for the lower limit and $29.41 for the higher limit of amount willing to pay for the video, respectively. The margin of error of 1.30 (the degree of accuracy in the analysis) is the t-multiple of 2.030 times the standard error of the estimation at 0.64 which indicates how far the confidence level would extend on each some of the point estimate. (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., Murphree, Emily S., 2011) As part of the comparative analysis between the low-income group and high-income group— assuming that if this procedure were to be repeated on multiple samples—the calculated confidence interval would encompass the true population parameter 95% of the time. Thus, the repeated samples that are taken from both groups, 95% of the time, the average amount people in the low-income group willing to pay will be between $7.03 and $10.75. And, 95% of the time, the average amount people in the high-income group willing to pay will be between $26.81 and $29.41. (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., Murphree, Emily S., 2011) Proposal and Recommendations for Scenario Two and Three: Although it has been suggested to sell each 45 minute video for a retail price of $14.95, the Company needs to recognize that it’s difficult to appeal to all consumers in the honeymoon marketplace, or at least cannot appeal to all consumers in the same way. Consumers are extremely diverse, widely scattered and significantly varied in their particular needs and purchasing practices. It’s important to note that low-income individuals who are looking to book a honeymoon resort face challenges of economic stability and an increase in the amount spent towards weddings. Since the high-income group is willing to pay more between $26.81 and $29.41, whereas the low-income group is willing to pay between $7.03 and $10.75 for honeymoon destinations videos, the company must shift from mass marketing strategies to both a target marketing and differential pricing method. (See diagram below) Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy: Creating Value for Target Customers First, the company must effectively identify and select diverse market segments (i.e. low income, high income, age, etc), differentiate based on their interest/financial resources and needs—and further improve channels of distribution/products/services tailored to each particular population segment in various affluent and discounted retail store locations. Secondly, Honeymoon Destinations can then implement a differential pricing practice which entails charging the high-income group more, while charging the low-income group less for the same product—which in this case is the honeymoon video. (Marshall, Greg W. & Johnston, Mark, 2010) Possible implications of differential pricing: If Honeymoon Destinations sells the 45 minute video footage for several different prices, higher income individuals who are willing and able to spend more than $15.00 for the video may end up deciding it’s cheaper to pay for the lower priced video. However, this would force the lower-income individuals to pay more. (Marshall, Greg W. & Johnston, Mark, 2010) Each difference has potential to either create company costs as well as customer benefits. A difference is worth establishing to the extent that it will satisfy not only the high income group but, more importantly the low income group. The company should look to improve marketing strategies that satisfy both the high-income and low-income groups by meeting the following criteria: 1. Importance: the video will deliver a highly valued benefit to the target group 2. Distinctive and Superior: Emphasize that the company offers a more informative and distinctive video footage over other competitors—which can be tailored based on the target group’s financial resources, needs, desires and personality. 3. Visibility: the video footage is visible and easily accessible to the target audience. Therefore, providing the broadest possible access to the video allows—and encourages differential pricing. Not implementing differential pricing will only ensure that the low-income individuals will have little to no access to purchasing the video they couldn’t otherwise afford. Overall, selecting the best position of the product can be challenging; however, providing a wide-range of choices and prices is crucial to the company’s overall current and future success. (Marshall, Greg W. & Johnston, Mark, 2010) References Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., & Murphree, Emily S. (2011). Chapter 9: Hypothesis Testing. In Data Analysis for Business Decisions (Sixth ed., pp. 351-392). New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. . Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., Murphree, Emily S. (2011). Data Analysis for Business Decisions (Sixth ed.). New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Marshall, Greg W. & Johnston, Mark. (2010). Marketing Management. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Parry, Mark. (1999). Honeymoon Destinations. University at Virginia , Darden Graduate School of Business Administration. Charlottesville, VA: Darden Business Publishing. Retrieved December 27, 2012

Introduction to Early Childhood Education Essay

The education of early childhood is widely valued in a great variety of human development theories, and in some degree the quality of the early childhood education determines the quality of the child’s future life. In this essay, I will give my views on three quality indicators and relate them to children and Te whariki. A planned curriculum is important for children, and it is one of the sigh of quality early childhood education. The starting point of the curriculum of early childhood education-Te Whariki-is to achieve child’s individual requirements and help him/her to become a competent and confident learner and communicator. (MoE, 1996) A planned program means before the curriculum comes out, educator need to observe the children and discover the particular needs of each child then design a special learning project to mesh with individual child. Partnership with parents and families also a important mark of early childhood education, it provides more comprehensive perspectives about a child, which helps educator to make an Individual Development Plan to enable children with special needs to be actively engaged in learning (MoE, 1996). â€Å"Children’s learning and development are fostered if there is a strong connection and consistency among all the aspects of the child’s world. † (MoE, p42, 1996), families and teacher communicate proactively and to work toward the same goal helps to empower the child to develop holistically within mind, body and spirit (MoE, 1996); Working in partnership with parents and families also helps educators to provide additional learning experiences to complement those provide in the home. Trained staff have the knowledge about children’s development and early childhood curriculum, they also could administer the curriculum (MoE, 1996), is an indispensible part of quality early childhood services, children’s development and learning could be well supported surrounded by trained and professional educators. Assessment: Short Essay 2 Identify TWO early childhood services in your community. Briefly explain their history and then compare and contrast their philosophies, educational  goals and the strategies employed to achieve these goals. In this essay, I will introduce Te Kohanga Reo and home-based education and care services, compare and contrast their philosophies, educational goals and the strategies employed to achieve these goals. Te Kohanga Reo are parent-led services, the first thought of Te Kohanga Reo was begun in 1981, in response to Maori concern of the Maori language survival, by the Department of Maori Affairs. (Te Kohanga Reo National Trust. 1999) Te Kohanga Reo are â€Å"total immersed† early childhood services in te reo Maori program, where the language of communication will be Maori. The operation and running of each Kohanga Reo is the responsibility of the parents and whanau of the Te Kohanga Reo within the guidelines set down by Te Kohanga Reo National Trust Board, and they administer it to ensure the safety and well-being of the children and the whanau and to ensure the survival of te reo Maori. (â€Å"What is a Kohanga Reo?â€Å",1999) Home-based education and care services are teacher-led services, they involve a teacher providing education and care for small groups of up to four young children either in the home of the teacher’s or in the child’s own home. This may be all-day or part-day education and care. (MoE, 2006) The kaupapa (philosophy) of Te Kohanga reo highlight â€Å"The quality of learning and development of mokopuna (young children) stems from the collective strength of the whanau† (Te Kohanga Reo National Trust, 1999). The emphasis for all philosophies of the home-based education and care services is to affirm the value of children learning and being cared for in a home setting. (ERO, 2009) Both kinds of services all showed the high position of children, however, Te Kohanga reo focus on the whanau, lay emphasis on skills of the adult to teach the children; and in home-based education and care services teachers bend themselves to establish positive relationships with children and their families to support children’s well-being and learning. The education goal of Te Kohanga reo is total immersed mokopuna into Maori language and cultures, to achieve this goal, Kohanga Reo are overseen by an organisation call Te Kohanga Reo National Trust. Its role is to ensure the quality of education and care provided by Kohanga Reo and to promote and ensure the survival of the Maori language. (Government Review Team, 1988). The Trust provides Kohanga Reo support and advice to the whanau. It offers Whakapakari Tino Rangatiratanga – a teacher training course, and a training course for whanau in Maori language, computer training, Te Whariki (ECE curriculum) and business administration. (Orange, 2004) Home-based centre hammer at build up a cared, warm and encouraged home setting for children, to insure the environment is safe and the education given by educator/caregiver is professional, the teacher of home-based education and care service must supported by a coordinator who is a registered teacher, just like the Te Kohanga Reo National Trust to Te Kohanga Reo, this person will visits the home based caregiver/educator regularly to check on the child’s safety and wellbeing and their learning progress. The coordinator might help parents to choose a suitable teacher for their children as well, and also involved to create the children’s learning curriculum. Assessment: Short Essay 3 Discuss THREE of the following significant factors which were covered in this course and that promote health and safety in early childhood centres: 1. Providing a safe environment 2. Providing a hygienic and clean environment 3. Identifying and responding to childhood illness 4. Nutrition across the early years 5. Child protection In this essay, I will talk about three significant factors, providing a safe environment; identifying and responding to childhood illness; and nutrition across the early years. I will use the document â€Å"Licensing Criteria for Early Childhood Education and Care Centres 2008, and Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework† and other relevant literature to support this essay. Health and safety guarantee is an essential part of quality ECE programmes and a major responsibility of ECE providers. Children have the right to be protected and nurtured. As a caregiver, it is necessary to offer an environment which promots their health and nurtures their emotional well-being, and also need to keep the children safe from harm. (MoE,1996) To establish a safe environment in early childhood services contain a major problem, how to prevent injury from the environmental setting. Injury prevention is an important method to build a safe environment. Many injuries  can be prevented if staffs understand how they happen and provide preventive actions to avoid them, preventive actions for example such as strengthen security measures on environment setting and enforcement of safety policies. Knowledge of children’s behavior at each stages of development plays a key role in identifying the potential hazards in ECE program. (Marotz, L. R. , Cross, M. Z. , & Rush, J. M. ,2005). Infants are totally dependent on others, have little prior knowledge or experience, and are learning to anticipate events and to communicate their needs in a confusing world. (Ministry of Education,1996) They explore the world by vision, hearing, feeling, smelling and tasting. The save environment for infants, for example, should not have anything small or sharp, babies may swallow things and choke; And no plastic bags, they will be dangerous if these cover infants’ mouths and noses, and it may suffocate the infants. (Ministry of health, 2011) Toddlers are active and curious, determined to become competent and to make sense of happenings, objects, and ideas. They learn with their whole body and learn by doing rather than being told. (Ministry of Education ,1996) The safe environment for toddlers for instance that all the edges are soft or un-sharp; and all electrical outlets contain safety caps. To identifying and responding to childhood illness that is a professional quality as an early childhood educator should never ignore. Firstly, because of the feature of children’s immature immune systems, children always get a viral cold and then later on the viral illness start a secondary infection with bacteria which might turns into a dangerous condition such as a chest infection. Nevertheless, children are still building up their immune systems, there are lots of illnesses caused by the bacteria and viruses, which need immune system to protect people away from. Sick children attending school increases the opportunity of some children’s common illnesses’ contagious and the illness will pass to other children at centre. Furthermore, sometimes children’s allergic could coursed asthma, ‘a common disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms and reversible airflow obstruction. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.’ ( National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, 2007) Children who attacked asthma can be serious but treatable. â€Å"All practicable steps are taken to ensure that children do not come into contact with any person (adult or child) on the premises who is suffering from a disease or condition likely to be passed on to children and likely to have a detrimental effect on them. † (Ministry of Education, P21, 2009) This quote from Licensing Criteria for Early Childhood Education and Care Centres 2008 showed that early childhood educator should have the ability to identifying and responding to childhood illness. Strand 1 of Te Whariki, well-being, empowered that ‘Children experience an environment where: their health is promoted’ (MoE, p48, 1996), early childhood services need to achieve children’s nutrition needs. A nurtured dietary structure is an essential part of helping children develop holistically. When children intake vitamins, minerals and nutrients from eating and drinking, the quality and quantity of them direct influence on children’s bodies grow, bones built, muscles and brain development. A balanced diet for children should include a variety of healthful fruits and vegetables, grain products, lean proteins and dairy products. (Marotz, L. R. , Cross, M. Z. , & Rush, J. M. , 2005). Early childhood education centre need to make sure food is served at appropriate times. And meanwhile, foods are of sufficient variety, quantity, and quality to meet the nutritional needs of each child. (Ministry of Education, P20, 2009) To help to ensure that children receive adequate nutrition, and allows parents to see the commitment the centre has towards the nutritional wellbeing of their children (Leaity, K.2008), there is a practical guide to food and nutrition for early childhood education services, call Food For Under 5’s, to provide information on developing nutrition policies and menu planning in the early childhood education centres setting. Reference List Education Review Office. (2009). About home-based early childhood services – Education Review Office. Retrieved September 13, 2013 from New Zealand government, Web site: http://www. ero. govt. nz/National-Reports Government Review Team. (1988). Report of the review of Te Kohanga reo. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Government. Leaity, K. (2008). Food For Under 5’s. Retrieved September 15, 2013 from Auckland Regional public Health service, Web site: http://www. arphs. govt. nz/Portals/0/Health%20Information/HealthyEnvironments Marotz, L. R. , Cross, M. Z. , & Rush, J. M. (2005). Health, safety, and nutrition for the young child (6th ed. ), (pp. 193–207). Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Ministry of Education. (1996). Te Whariki He Whariki Matauranga mo nga Mokopuna -o Aotearoa/Early Childhood Curriculum. Wellington, New Zealand:Learning Media Limited. Ministry of Education. (2006). Choices in early childhood education (pp. 1-4). Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http://www.minedu. govt. nz/Parents/EarlyYears/OtherInformationAndResources/Choices. aspx Ministry of Education. (2009). Licensing Criteria for Early Childhood Education and Care Centres 2008 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework. (pp. 21-22). Retrieved September 15, 2013 from New Zealand Ministry of Education, Web site: http://www. lead. ece. govt. nz/ServiceTypes/CentreBasedECEServices. aspx National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP). (2007). â€Å"Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma† NY: U. S. Department of Health & Human Services Orange, C. (2004). An illustrated history of the Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books. Te Kohanga Reo National Trust. (1999). History. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http://www. kohanga. ac. nz/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=10 What is a Kohanga Reo? (1999). Retrieved September 12, 2013 from Ngaio Te Kohanga Reo, Web site: http://www. ngaiokohanga. co. nz/about-us Leaity, K. (2008). Food For Under 5’s. Retrieved September 15, 2013 from Auckland Regional public Health service, Web site: http://www. arphs. govt. nz/Portals/0/Health%20Information/HealthyEnvironments.

Alexander Gavin’s Dilemma: Cultural Relativism and Business as Usual Essay

I. Viewpoint The viewpoint I am taking will be the writer of the letter himself, Alexander Gavin, since the matter at hand is a delicate one and Mr. Gavin is just asking the professor for his thoughts on the matter at hand. II. Statement of the Problem The central problem of the case is if Mr. Gavin should accept the deal which includes his cut or to find another way for the project to push through without involving himself. III. Objectives To be able to push through with the project and close the deal no matter what since this opportunity is highly profitable to the company. IV. Areas of Consideration a. Alexander Gavin and his direct boss, the Senior VP for urban projects, are both Americans. b. The construction company they are working for deals with major projects in the Middle East. c. The project with Ajax, Ltd. is highly profitable to their company. d. Pay-offs are common in the Middle East. V. Alternative Courses of Action From Alexander Gavin’s point of view, there are four courses of action he could take: a. He can forward this dilemma to his superiors and wait for their decision. b. He can stick with his ethics and reject the proposal then wait for the consequences. c. He can contact the other managers of Ajax, Ltd. and inform them of the corruption and also to take legal action against  the manager who offered the deal to him. d. He can disregard his ethics and accept the offer given by the manager of Ajax, Ltd. VI. Conclusion and Recommendation The best solution for this ethical dilemma would be the fourth course of action for Alexander Gavin. As a Senior Product Manager of a prestigious construction company based on Kuwait, he must put the company’s interests first before his personal reasons. Also, considering that pay-offs are quite common in the Middle East, a 3 million increase from their initial bid is only a small fraction to the company’s expense considering the high profitability of the project. Additionally, taking into account the cultural norm of pay-offs, which the company would be aware of, and Alexander Gavin’s ethical beliefs. He could offer up his $1 million to the company as an extra or other income. That way, the project pushes through, the company highly profits and Alexander Gavin’s ethical beliefs would not be broken. Lucky Goldstar – Management, Korean Style I. Viewpoint The viewpoint I am taking would be that of Mr. P.W. Suh, the president of Goldstar of America plant. II. Statement of the Problem The key issue of the case is on how the Lucky-Goldstar Group, with its Korean style management, has affected the domestic electronics industry. Be it in a negative or positive way. III. Objectives a. To be able to identify if the effect on the domestic industry is positive or negative. IV. Areas of Consideration a. Korean management’s core value is harmony. b. Lucky-Goldstar took a gamble in manufacturing overseas. c. Integration of Korean management principles onto Dixie or Southern U.S. principles. d. Indicators of better growth than its U.S. counterparts. e. Speed of technological change. V. Case Questions a. The LG group has integrated its management style which influences its workers with harmony. Its methods which are borrowed from the U.S. would be the democratic approach to decision making and management. b. The LG group has started manufacturing in the U.S. to be able to avoid the protectionist rule which bars foreign products from entering from outside the country and also to gamble that they would be able to profit from this venture. c. It would have a positive impact on the domestic electronics industry because competition is always good for big companies. Competition is what motivates companies to be better than other companies. d. Their recent success can be best explained by economic and cultural factors. VI. Conclusion The Korean management style has positively affected the domestic electronics industry of the U.S. because of its strong competitive power in the market. Competition motivates companies. Its recent success can be explained because of economic and cultural factors. They allocated a huge budget on innovation which resulted in an edge in the  technological market. Korea’s economy has boomed ever since they started this economic move. Also, this venture generated a lot of job opportunities for the sector.

Understand health and safety in social care setting Essay

According to the health and safety authority a hazard is defined as ‘a potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person or persons and a risk is defined as ‘. The likelihood that a person may be harmed or  suffers adverse health effects if exposed to a hazard The example they use to contextualise the two is very clear and very helpful. ‘ If there was a spill of water in a room then that water would present a slipping hazard to persons passing through it. If access to that area was prevented by a physical barrier then the hazard would remain though the risk would be minimised. To be able to use a health and safety risk assessment you must be able to spot hazards and evaluate what the hazard poses, for example you see in the clients home that there is an obstacle in the way of an entrance restricting the space so some walkers wouldn’t be able to get past safely this would be a high risk of falling Afterwards the risk assessment should have been reviewed and any findings that you make should be recorded appropriately, and changes made to further ensure that persons health and safety, perhaps by amending the work you have already done with the risk assessment and it should be reported to either your senior or manager that risk assessment is complete. Reporting health and safety risks that have been identified. It is important for all staff to be able to report any possible identified health and safety risks. They should be confident in knowing how and when to act upon it. In the care working environment the employer must make their employees know that it is of the upmost importance that they are to act upon and report any possible health and safety risks that could potentially put others in a place of harm or injury in the work place. They must be aware that even if the recognised problem has already been flagged and documented they are still responsible in reporting it to ensure the correct procedures can be put into place. This will aid in the help of rectifying the hazard that has been reported. There will already be the properly implemented measures to reduce any possible health and safety risks. But the action and knowledge of the procedure of reporting and documenting all occurrences of physical, viral, injuries and sicknes s and also any potential risks of accidents is still a vital procedure that must never be ignored. Within all Framework services they have policies and procedures in regard of reporting  all health and safety incidents and accidents in place. They outline the importance of documenting and reporting in writing and also speaking of any possible preventable accidents no matter how large and small they may seem. In all any recognised health and safety issues the Framework is that they are reported to the line manager who is in the position of acting on the assessment of the hazard. All accidents and risks must always be clearly documented and reported with the correct time and date accordingly to give a true and accurate account of the incident. An on-going assessment of the health and safety in the workplace is vital to prevent any dangers occurring or being missed. How a risk assessment can help address dilemmas between an individual’s rights and health and safety concern. Risks are an important part of our everyday lives we are encouraged to take them to possibly reach our set goals whether it will be for our working life or personal achievement’s. For others who may need special needs support they may be actively deterred from taking such risks. This could be due to a fear of them coming to harm or they may not be able to cope with the results of their actions. This could result in them becoming less confident with the purpose of their life and their right to be an independent individual. Legislation and workplace policies have been implemented to support such problems occurring. They enable these individuals to be given the appropriate support and help that they require to be able to live in society as independent as possible without the fear of being a health and safety risk to themselves or others. Health and training for the support workers will help them with confronting any possible problems that could arise whilst helping the person who requires their help in becoming more independent. Continuous observation and of reviewing practice and procedures are put into place to ensure that the individual in their care is least likely to be confronted with any hazards or sociable obstacles that could lead them to suffer any further emotional or physical harm. The fact that the person in your care requires a risk assessment or a plan management this should not mean they are restricted in what they want to do or the person they want to be Understanding of procedures for responding to accidents and sudden illness. Different types of accidents and sudden illness that may occur in a social care setting. There are a wide variety of sudden illnesses and accidents that can occur and put the individual in immediate danger. These could be caused by everyday objects such as a loose rug or even a wet floor. If these hazards are not pointed out or left unchanged they could lead to the person suffering a fall or breaking of bones. The individual could be burnt or scarred if items such as an iron or cooker are left on. They should be monitored carefully with any hot appliances in the prevention of injuries. They could also suffer from poisoning and overdosing if chemicals or medicine is not correctly stored away from the vulnerable person. Sudden illnesses Illnesses that are brought on suddenly are medical conditions such as a stroke which is where the brain cells die suddenly through the lack of oxygen. This is when there is a blockage in the blood flow and or the rupture of a artery that connects to the brain. Asthma is a dangerous medical condition which causes difficulty in breathing, breathing difficulties can also be caused by allergic reactions to substances or items. Hypoglycaemia is a medical condition brought about by the drop of glucose [sugar]. Choking is a hazard brought about by the airway is blocked commonly by food. Seizures can cause spasms of muscles and or unconsciousness this is caused by the electrical workings of the brain fails to work correctly. A fall could lead to the person losing consciousness or temporary fainting. A person who develops food poisoning from contaminated water or ill prepared or stored food will suffer from sickness and diarrhoea. A heart attack is known as a cardiac arrest this is where the heart fails to pump blood around the body leading to heart failure. Chest pain which is felt around the shoulders around the ribs and generally in the upper torso could imply a large amount of conditions. These symptoms should never be ignored and always be checked by the medical profession. Procedures that are followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur. The first important thing that all staff must adhere to is the policies and procedures that have been implemented by their workplace. They  must be always ready and aware of what action to take in the possible case of illness or accident. They should behave in a professional manner and that their actions and behaviour do not create any hindrance to their client’s recovery. You should remove any persons who are not directly involved in the aid of the client and keep the entrance safely clear to allow the medical staff a clear admittance. The client should be treated with respect at all times and not left to feel like a second rate citizen. The surrounding environment should be made safe and private. You can do this by. Disabling the power supply in the prospect of electrical shock. Move the patient to a safe area in the case of risk of fire or an unstable building. Clear the surrounding area of any unwanted obstacles i.e.: furniture. You should make the person feel comfortable and dignified. The correct way to handle emergencies and dealing with the medically trained professionals are: For emergencies only you should ring 999. Clear the area and make it a safe place. Keep the person conscious by talking to them loudly or if they do not make a clear response check their [ABC] Airway Breathing and Circulation. You should call for help as soon as possible. Tilt their head and check for an airway, if there is not a clear one give 2 deep breaths. Check to see if there is pulses if none is felt on the main arteries in the neck begin the [BLS] Basic Life Support. This consists of 15 chest compressions and 2 breaths. Carry on with the BLS until the medical professionals arrive or the patients symptoms improve. Do not stop the BLS unless you are told to or a professional takes over. When medical help arrives you must give them a clear and true account of the symptoms the patient’s medical history and of any treatment that they may have received. The line manager must be given a report on the circumstances of the accident or injury stating clearly the names of all the people who were involved in the incident, what the cause of the accident was or what medical condition brought about the incident. The report must be clearly documented giving a true and detailed account of all that occurred and naming all of who was involved and how the incident or accident was dealt with and the outcome of the event. The report should be signed and dated. The importance of emergency first aid tasks to be carried out by qualified first aiders. The intention of First Aid is to aid a person with recovering from a suffered accident/medical condition. The act of First Aid is covered by the Health and Safety regulations and under your employees set of policies and procedures. The act of First Aid should be carried out to give the patient a better chance of recovery and reduce the possibility of further health problems. The only staff members that are allowed to carry out the act of First Aid are ones who have been legally and qualified. This is to stop the chance of any unqualified persons giving aid that could cause the patient harm and with less chance of recovery. This could lead to legal charges being brought against the company. In the case of a qualified person in First Aid having doubts about what action they need to give the patient they should not carry out aid and contact their manager with the intent of asking for help to what they should do. If they do not ask for help and guess what they need to do this could end in serious consciences for the patient. This is clearly set out by the companies Frame work and should be adhered to at all times. 4 Reducing the spread of infection 4.1 Routes by which an infection can get into the body. There are a variety of infections people can suffer from. The infections can enter the body come from four different ways. .Colds and other air born infections can enter the body in the respiratory tract go through the lungs. .Infection is also contracted through the skin. This could be from a sore or broken skin which allows the infection to break through the normally safe armour of the skin. .The digestive tract is the opening for infection to the stomach and bowels. This occurs when infected food or water is digested and this leads to stomach ache vomiting and diarrhoea. .The fourth entry of infection is through urinary and reproductive system. This is where the infection is contracted through the blood. .Infection is also carried through bodily fluids such as semen, saliva and the blood system. This can develop into sexually contracted disease and the AIDS virus. 4.2 Ways in which your own health or hygiene might pose a risk to an individual or others at work. It is important to keep yourself clean and tidy because if your own health and hygiene is left to deteriorate this can lead to the possibility of causing a risk to others. There are policies in the work place that are put into place to help with reducing the risk of infection. .Always wash hands before touching and preparing food. .After using the toilet wash hands thourally. .Cover your mouth when coughing and look away from others to prevent the spread of infection. .When changing or applying plasters always wash your hands. .Always throw away used tissues properly. .Protect yourself with the PPE provided. .If unwell stay away from work to help with stopping the spread of infection. In the health and social care environment employees must be always well enough to perform their work safely. This is to maintain a high standard of health and safety which reduces the risks of patients and others being susceptible to infections. The work places set policies must be always followed to provide good practice. If you or family members are unwell and you are unsure of whether you will pose a risk to others you must consulate with your own doctor about going to work. Most practices have the guideline of not returning to work if unwell until you have being ill for 48 hours. Because some infections can be carried in the body for weeks your employer can request that you take further investigations from medical professionals to confirm you no longer cause a risk of infection too patients or other staff members. PPE with self-protection amongst the staff members and clients is important to reduce them contracting illness and infections. They must ensure no possible infected materials and their own personal health is left or ignored to make the working environment is as infection free as possible and others are not put at risk. The most thorough method of hand washing. Hand washing i probably the most common of all of the hygienic operations in the care work place. Even when gloves have been worn this should not stop you from washing your hands. This is due to possible contamination when  removing them or maybe tearing of the gloves may occur in the process of possible contamination. The technique of hand washing and engraining the act of hand washing is important to keep your hands with a high level of cleanliness. Particular attention to the back of your hands and finger tips as these areas are mostly missed. You should wet your hands first and then lather with soap. You may need to use a specialist type of soap if your hands are particularly dirty. This type of cleaning requires you to apply the soap first and then proceed with the hand washing taking care to follow the manufactures instructions. To ensure the stopping of passing on infections you should follow the steps of hand washing after you have wet your hands- 1. Rub your palms together 2. With your finger entwined rub back of hands. 3. Then with fingers still entwined rub palms of hands. 4. With fingers locked together rub the back of your fingers against your opposite palms. 5. Rotate your thumbs and rub the back of them within your palms. 6. Keep rubbing your fingers against your palm whilst turning your hands back and forward. To dry your hands thoroughly you must use a clean towel or disposable paper which you must wash or throw away to reduce to spread of infection and never reuse. 4.4When different types of personal protective equipment should be used;- The (PPE) which stands for Personal Protective Equipment refers to the clothing and equipment that is provided to reduce the possibility of the spread of infections. It is the duty of your employer to provide these items to ensure yours and others health and safety is never put at risk. You must follow their health and safety policies as set by your employers. If you ignore the health and safety policies and do not use or wear the provided garments you will be in breach of the health and safety laws that have been set for your own benefit and others. If somebody is dealing with the risk of infection through bodily fluids or maybe using cleaning fluids you must wear disposable gloves. The gloves should fit the person and not hang off your hands as this will hamper the safety of how you do your job. Never reuse these gloves or touch areas that could be contaminated and then your client as this will put at risk of infection. You must discard the gloves correctly  after use and then wash your hands thoroughly. Support workers should be aware that some people are allergic to the latex which is what the gloves are made from or maybe they themselves could suffer from allergies from these gloves. If this is the case their employers will supply them gloves made from a different material. If you are in a procedure that could lead to have some form of bodily fluids splash onto you, you are required to wear the plastic disposable apron that will be provided. Remember that you need to be aware of your hand hygiene when removing the apron as this could result in a contamination of the health and safety process. You must dispose of the disposable gloves and aprons correctly when you have finished with them; this should be in the provided clinical waste bin that is provided. When handling food the apron that is provided will be a washable one that can be used again when washed.